have 与其他动词的关系
一、have 作助动词时,可分成两类。
1、一般用法:
A. 帮助动词表示完成失态:
1)I have done the work already.
B. 帮助动词表示完成进行时态:
2)Ihave been studying all day today.
C.帮助动词表示完成和被动时态:
3)The question has been discussed since we arrived.
2、特殊用法
A.have to可以表达must的'非……不可'的意义。
4)The last bus leaves in ten minutes, so I have to/must say good-bye now.
最后一班公共汽车十分钟后就要开了,我现在非走不可了。
(现在时:must=have to)
5) Father is better now, but I still have to help him ( to ) walk.
父亲好多了, 但是我还是得扶着他走。
6)Wedon't have to /needn'tget up early tomorrow as it is a holiday.
明天放假,我们不必早起。
(由于mustn't 的意思表示'禁止', 而不能表达'不必'的意思,所以得用 do not have to表示'不必'。)
7) If you want to master English, you will have to (而不用will must) practice it every minute.
如果你想精通英语,一定要时刻练习。
(由于两个助动词will和must不可并用,所以改用will have to表达'将来非得……'的意思。)
8) He had to (而不用must)see the doctor last night.
他昨晚非看医生不可。(had to表示过去时)
注意:had to 如果为下列情形,则可用must表示:
9) He said he had to /must see the doctor last night.
他说昨晚非看医生不可。
B. had better 表示'最好',后接动词原形。
10)You had better (not) continue working in this company.
你最好(不要)继续在这家公司上班。
二、have除了可以当助动词之外,也可以当使役动词。have用作使役动词时,不可用作被动式,根据其不同的意义,可分为下列三种结构:
1. have + 宾语 + VR表示'要某人去做某事。'
11) What a woman! She had me show her every hat in the shop!
要命的女人!她要我把店里的帽子都拿出来让她看。
12)My wife and I would like to have you come to dinner one evening soon.
我和妻子想请你哪天晚上到家里来吃饭。
13)The doctor had us keepall the windows open.
医生让我们把窗户都开着。
注意:如果have不含有使役概念,而表示'有'的意义时,则用一般不定式表示'目的或结果'。但这种用法的have 不可用作被动式。
14)We shall have Mr. Smithto help us.
我们有史密斯先生帮忙。
15) We finallyhad somethingto write about.
我们终于有东西可写了。
2. have + 宾语 + Vp.p表示'使某事完成;遭受/经历不好的事件'。
A. 表示'使某事完成'时;
16) I had my car washed.
我的车洗过了。
17)They always have their gardenlooked after by a professional gardener.
他们的花园都是由职业园丁管理的。
注意:这种用法也可用get取代 have.
18) Have your shoes cleanedby the shoe shining boy.
去请擦鞋童把你的鞋擦干净。
19)Get your shoescleaned!
把鞋弄干净。
20)pleasehave my evening suit pressed. I am dining out.
请把我的晚礼服烫一烫,我要出去吃饭。
21)Get my trousers pressed. I'm dinning out.
把我的裤子烫好,我要出去吃饭。
注意,这种用法的 have也不可用作被动式。
B.表示遭遇或经历'某经验'时。
22)Hehad his car stolen last Sunday.
他的汽车上礼拜被偷了。
23)The Whites had their houses broken into by a thief when they were in the United States.
怀特一家人在美国期间,家里被小偷偷了。
3. have用来表示由于训练、教导、规劝、欺骗等造成的持续现象或结果时,用下列形式:
have + 宾语 + V-ing
24) She'llhave himeating out of her hand in a week.
她能让他在一周后完全受她的控制。
25) I'll have you driving in two hours.
我两个小时就能教会你开车。