二.容易混淆的名词 1.work/job ① work是不可数名词,有体力或脑力劳动的意思,又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思。 ② job作为“工作”解,其实有两层含义:一个是“干活”的“活”或“零工”;一个作为职业的“事”,是可数名词。 job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作，实际含义是“职业”， 而work通常指抽象意义上的工作，是不可数名词，也可指“工作场所”。如: I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
2. wish / hope ① wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb. to do sth.),而hope不可以这样用。例如: I wish you to be happy.我希望你快乐。 ② hope和wish都可以跟从句。hope之后的从句的谓语动词用一般将来时或一般现在时,所表达的愿望可以实现; wish之后的从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气(以后学),表达的愿望无法实现。例如: I hope you like the flowers.我希望你喜欢这些花。 I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只小鸟。(虚拟语气) ③hope和wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope/wish to do sth.)。wish比较正式,口气比较强烈; 而用hope所表达的愿望容易实现。例如: I hope (wish) to go to college.我希望上大学。 ④wish可接双宾语表示“祝愿、祝福”等,但hope却没有这种用法。例如: I wish you success.我祝愿你成功。
3.silly/stupid/foolish 三个词都含有“蠢”的意思,但略有不同。 stupid所表达的程度最强,指智力、理解力和学习能力差; silly指头脑简单、傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有一定的感情色彩; foolish是普通用语,尤其是在口语中广泛使用。如: He is stupid in learning math. 他学数学很笨。 Stop asking such silly questions. 别再问这样傻的问题了。 You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丢掉这么好的一个机会。<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
4.instead/instead of
instead/instead of
instead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。 而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。如:
Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。
If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.
如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。
Could I have tuna instead of ham?
我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿？
Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.
王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯。
5.frightened/afraid/terrible
frightened/afraid/terrible
① frightened是由过去分词转化的形容词,常指突如其来的震惊,可用very修饰,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
The old man smiled before he replied to my question.
老人在回答我的问题前笑了笑。
I cannot answer you now. 我现在不能回答你。
How shall I answer? 我该怎样回答?
值得注意的是,answer可引申为“应答”之类的意义,这时不能用reply来代替。如:
answer the door (门铃响了)去开门
answer the telephone 接电话
名词的语法功能： 名词在句中作主语，宾语，介词宾语，宾语补足语，表语以及名词短语作状语。 1．主语：The bagis in the desk.书包在桌子里边。 2．宾语：I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3．表语：This is a good book. 这是一本好书。 4．宾语补足语We selected him our monitor.我们选他为我们的班长。 5．介词宾语Mary lives with her parents.玛丽和她的父母住在一起。 6．定语：She is a Partymember. 她是一位党员。
英语名词特殊用法: 1.family指“家庭”时，强调全体；指“家里人”时强调个体，与住房无关 home指“家”，表示同一家庭共同生活的地方，具有感情色彩 Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词，意思是“在家” house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”，用单数 people泛指“人们”，表示复数概念:People often work in the day. 指“人”的个体，但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family. 前面加定冠词指“人民”，表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people. 指“民族”时，有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people. person强调“人”的个体，有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”，表示复数概念: policeman强调“警察”的个体，有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”，强调物质概念: When we talk about the universe，we mean the earth， the sun，the moon and many other stars. space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”，强调空间概念: Many countries have sent up the satellites into space. “空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则： 一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级 tired ---- more tired , most tired fond ----- more fond , most fond glad ----- more glad , most glad bored ---- more bored , most bored pleased---- more pleased , most pleased
二、不规则变化 good /well------- better ,best bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst many/much-------more , most little ------ less , least far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest old ---- older , oldest (GA) ---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)
三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式 cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict often----- oftener , oftenest / more often , most often friendly------ friendlier , friendliest / more friendly , most friendly clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever
形容词的比较级和最高级用法： 形容词比较等级用法： 1.没有比较对象时，用原级。 I have a new computer. 2.两者比较，程度相同。 A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B. Our school is as beautiful as theirs. 3.两者比较，程度不同。 A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B. The weather here is not as hot as that in the south. 4.A比B更… The earth is bigger than the moon. 5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。 Your room is much bigger than mine. I’m a little shorter than her. 6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义： John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys. 两者不属于同一范畴，不能用other. Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang. 7.“比较级+and+比较级” 表示“越来越…” China is becoming more and more beautiful. Days are getting longer and longer. 8.用the+比较级，the+比较级 表示”越…就越…”. The busier he is, the happier he feels. 9. Which/Who+is+比较级 A或B？ A和B哪一个/谁更…? Which is better,this one or that one?
最高级用法： 表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较，一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时，用最高级，结构是 主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。 This story is the most interesting of the three. 1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数 它的意思是最…之一。 English is one of the most important languages in the world. 2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级 “…最...” Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant? 3.最高级前可以用序数词 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
