根据句意,用所给词的正确形式填空。1. We were all surprised at his _____ (arrive). We thought he wouldn't come.2. I told myself _____ (calm) down since was s-八年级英语
[db:作者] 2019-11-27 00:00:00 零零社区
题文
根据句意,用所给词的正确形式填空。
1. We were all surprised at his _____ (arrive). We thought he wouldn't come. 2. I told myself _____ (calm) down since was still alive. 3. We must prevent people _____ (cut) down trees. 4. What a _____ (sun) day it is today! 5. Everyone should know the _____ (important) of protecting the wildlife.
二.容易混淆的名词 1.work/job ① work是不可数名词,有体力或脑力劳动的意思,又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思。 ② job作为“工作”解,其实有两层含义:一个是“干活”的“活”或“零工”;一个作为职业的“事”,是可数名词。 job意思是a piece of work,指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作,实际含义是“职业”, 而work通常指抽象意义上的工作,是不可数名词,也可指“工作场所”。如: I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
2. wish / hope ① wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb. to do sth.),而hope不可以这样用。例如: I wish you to be happy.我希望你快乐。 ② hope和wish都可以跟从句。hope之后的从句的谓语动词用一般将来时或一般现在时,所表达的愿望可以实现; wish之后的从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气(以后学),表达的愿望无法实现。例如: I hope you like the flowers.我希望你喜欢这些花。 I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只小鸟。(虚拟语气) ③hope和wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope/wish to do sth.)。wish比较正式,口气比较强烈; 而用hope所表达的愿望容易实现。例如: I hope (wish) to go to college.我希望上大学。 ④wish可接双宾语表示“祝愿、祝福”等,但hope却没有这种用法。例如: I wish you success.我祝愿你成功。
3.silly/stupid/foolish 三个词都含有“蠢”的意思,但略有不同。 stupid所表达的程度最强,指智力、理解力和学习能力差; silly指头脑简单、傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有一定的感情色彩; foolish是普通用语,尤其是在口语中广泛使用。如: He is stupid in learning math. 他学数学很笨。 Stop asking such silly questions. 别再问这样傻的问题了。 You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丢掉这么好的一个机会。<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
4.instead/instead of
instead/instead of
instead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。 而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。如:
Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。
If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.
如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。
Could I have tuna instead of ham?
我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿?
Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.
王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯。
5.frightened/afraid/terrible
frightened/afraid/terrible
① frightened是由过去分词转化的形容词,常指突如其来的震惊,可用very修饰,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
The old man smiled before he replied to my question.
老人在回答我的问题前笑了笑。
I cannot answer you now. 我现在不能回答你。
How shall I answer? 我该怎样回答?
值得注意的是,answer可引申为“应答”之类的意义,这时不能用reply来代替。如:
answer the door (门铃响了)去开门
answer the telephone 接电话
名词的语法功能: 名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 1.主语:The bagis in the desk.书包在桌子里边。 2.宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3.表语:This is a good book. 这是一本好书。 4.宾语补足语We selected him our monitor.我们选他为我们的班长。 5.介词宾语Mary lives with her parents.玛丽和她的父母住在一起。 6.定语:She is a Partymember. 她是一位党员。
英语名词特殊用法: 1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关 home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩 Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家” house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数 people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day. 指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family. 前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people. 指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people. person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”,表示复数概念: policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念: When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars. space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念: Many countries have sent up the satellites into space. “空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
5.不同国家的人的单复数:
名称
总称(谓语用复数)
一个人
两个人
中国人
the Chinese
a Chinese
two Chinese
瑞士人
the Swiss
a Swiss
two Swiss
澳大利亚人
the Australians
an Australian
two Australians
俄国人
the Russians
a Russian
two Russians
意大利人
the Italians
an Italian
two Italians
希腊人
the Greek
a Greek
two Greeks
法国人
the French
a Frenchman
two Frenchmen
印度人
the Indians
an Indian
two Indians
加拿大人
the Canadians
a Canadian
two Canadians
德国人
the Germans
a German
two Germans
英国人
the English
an Englishman
two Englishmen
瑞典人
the Swedish
a Swede
two Swedes
日本人
the Japanese
a Japanese
two Japanese
美国人
the Americans
a American
two Americans
考点名称:形容词
形容词: 简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard. 这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive. 对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now. 你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能: 一、作定语 He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。 Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。 二、作补语 形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如: The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。 Don't marry young.不要早婚。 三、作状语 形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如: Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。 Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。 四、做表语 The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。 五、做主语 Old and young joined the discussion. Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语 Very good!Say it again. Stupid!He must be crasy.
形容词的几个特殊用法: most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能” He is too young to go to school. =He isn’t old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置: 1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语? 单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:? a red flower一朵红花? an interesting story一个有趣的故事? six blind men 六个盲人? my own house我自己的房子? 如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。 如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。 2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? She has something new to tell me.?她有一些新的情况告诉我。? I have nothing important to do today.?今天我没有重要的工作要做。? Do you know anybody else here??这儿你还有认识的人吗?? 3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? It is a problem difficult to work out.?这是一道难以解决的问题。? Edison is a student difficult to teach.?爱迪生是个很难教的学生。? This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.?这是一种易栽的花。? 4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:? All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.? 所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。? We are building a new school, modern and super.? 我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。? All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。? 5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:? Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?? Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。 6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:? the writer present 出席的作者? the present writer 现在的作者? 7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 This river is about 100 metres wide. The building is more than 50 metres tall. He is less than 40 years old. 8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。 They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough. enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。 He is old enough to join the army. He isn’t old enough to go to school. 9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后 what/who/where/when/when else something/anything/nothing…else What else did you do? Do you have anything else to say? 10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。
形容词知识拓展: 名词化的形容词: 有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语; 表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。 Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor. The old are taken good care of in American. the+形容词,常见的短语有: the old/the young/the sick/the white/ the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)
复合形容词的类型: (1)名词+过去分词 man-made satellite 人造卫星 (2)形容词+现在分词 a good-looking man (3)形容词+名词 second-hand cars (4)数词+名词-ed three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子 (5)数词+名词 400- metre race (6)副词+现在分词 hard-working students (7)副词+过去分词 well-known writers (8)形容词+形容词 a dark-red jacket (9)形容词+过去分词 ready-made clothes 成品服装
含有形容词的常用句型: (1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth. (good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… ) It’s very kind of you to help me. (2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. (difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…) It’s important for us to learn English well. (3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful… I'm glad to see you. 表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain… I’m sorry to hear that.
某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词 the moving story 令人感动的故事 a moved boy 一个被感动的男孩 a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子 a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
不定式的用法: 1、不定式作主语 例如:To remember this is very important. 注意:为了避免头重脚轻,在许多情况下,通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部,而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。 例如:It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表语 例如:He seems to be ill. 注意:不定式作表语主要有三种情况,一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式(尤其是to be), 二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形, 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等,如: You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作宾语 例如:I can not afford to buy a car. 注意: ①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语,还可用作个别介词(but, except)的宾语。 例如:I had no choice but to wait. ②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时,通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式,并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后 例如:I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作宾语补足语 例如:Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定语 例如:I have a question to ask you. 注意:有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作不定式可换成of doing sth. 如:It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth. attempt courage decision effort fortune failure invitation wish 6、不定式作状语 例如:I went to France to learn French.
动名词的结构和形式: 动名词的否定结构: 动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如: Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。 He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。 I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。 (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式) There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构: 通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。 (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如: Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语) The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French. 这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语) Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语) They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there. 他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语) (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如: Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗? Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗? (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式): (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如: We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。 但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如: I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。 On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。 Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。 (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。 (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如: I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。 He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系: 动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是: 它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。 例如: Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful . (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。 She hates speaking in the public. (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较: ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作; 而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。 ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态; 而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词的用法: 一、动名词作主语 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。 注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如: There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如: No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟) No parking. (禁止停车) 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构 (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。 动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如: Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语 1.作动词的宾语 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有: admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。 Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 2.作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活? 3.作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。 表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。 (Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如: a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping