指示代词句法功能: 指示代词在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语。 1、作主语 This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。 2、作宾语 I like this better than that.我喜欢这个甚至那个。 3、作介词宾语 I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。 There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。 4、 作表语 My point is this.我的观点就是如此。 5、作定语 This room is mine. 这间房间是我的。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)
你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
指示代词的用法; 1、this和these指在时间或空间上较近的人或者事物,that和those指在时间或空间上较远的人或者事物。例如: This is a pen and that’s an eraser. 这是一支笔,那是块橡皮擦。 This is a boy and those are girls. 这是个男孩,那些是女孩。
2、指示代词所指的对象取决于说话者和听话者共同熟悉的语境。如: I liked this movie today better than that concert last night. 我喜欢今天的这个电影,胜过昨晚的那个音乐会。
3、指示代词具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人也可指物。但是在相当于名词时一般指物多于指人。如: I found this wallet. I found this. 我找到了这只皮夹子。我找到了这个。(this 等于 this wallet) Is she going to marry that man? 她打算跟那人结婚吗?(that man不得用that代替,否则有轻蔑之意)
4、相当于名词的指示代词在句中作主语时,则指物指人均可。如: What are these? 那些是什么?(指物) This is Bill. Is that George? 我是比尔。你是乔治吗?(电话用语)(指人)
5、打电话过程中,介绍自己时通常用this指代“我”,不用代词I; 询问对方时用that指代“你”,不用代词you。例如: ----Hello. This is Mary. Who’s that? 喂,我是玛丽。你是谁? ----This is Tom. 我是汤姆。
6、当指示代词所指的事物已确定时,后面的指示代词则用it或they代替。如: This (suit) is expensive, isn't it? 这套衣服昂贵,不是吗? "Are those yours?" "Yes, they are." “那些是你的吗?”“是的,它们是我的。”
指示代词:
指代
单数
复数
近指
this
these
远指
that
those
知识拓展: a. 指示代词所指的事物第二次提到时,通常要用it或they. 例:----What is this? 这是什么? ----It is a bird. 是鸟。 ----Is that your cap? 那是你的帽子吗? ----No, it isn't. 不是。
b. this, that, those和 these加名词构成一些常用短语,作时间状语,指现在或过去。 例:this morning 今天早晨 this spring 今年春天 that morning 那天早晨 that spring 那年春天 these days 这些天 to this day 至今 in these days 这些日子里 this evening 今天晚上 this winter 今年冬天 that evening (/night) 那天晚上 that winter 那年冬天 these years 这些年 this time 这一次(这个时候) in those years 那些年月里
系动词的分类: 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique. (这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。 注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)
The chef is tasting the fish carefully. (厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。 注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。)
系动词用法点拨: 1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。 一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。 但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途: 一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如: He is being kind.(一时而不能持久的性质)他装出和蔼可亲的样子。 二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如: I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)我希望你保持健康。 Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗? 试比较: Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。 不可以说: Your hand is feeling cold.(×) 但可以说: The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)医生正在给她拿脉。 The soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错。 The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时)厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。 我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。 例如smell的用法可见一斑。 ①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。 The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。 ②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。 The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。 ③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。 The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。 某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。例如: He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。 Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。 The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。 英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如: 不能说: The apple is tasted good. (因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态) 但我们可以说: The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。 (taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态) 因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之 ,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。
4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如: ①不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years. 应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years. ②不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago. 应改为:He has been a writer since 3 years ago. 或It is three years since he turned writer. ③不能说:He got angry until his child came back home. 应改为:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5.系动词能接几种表语(从句) 系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式: ①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),feel(觉得);appear(显得),seem(似乎)。例如: It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. 他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。 She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there. 看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。 It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere. 我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。 She felt as if her head were splitting. 她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。 The river appeared as if enveloped in smog. 那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。 It seems as if it were spring already. 好像已是春天了。 ②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如: It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. 好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。 It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自语。 ③能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow. Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照料孩子们。 He seems not to look after the children. 他好像不是她的父亲。 She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old. 她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。 He didn’t appear to dislike it. 看不出他憎恨此事。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。 He will grow to like this work gradually. 他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。 ④能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem. There appeared to be only one room. 那儿好像只有一个房间。 There seems(to be)no need to go. 似乎没有必要走。
6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear. 举例说明: It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back. He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father. The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构 能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等);第二个是get,口语中常用。 当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。 Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况: 1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。 Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到) The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性) 2)表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。 John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。 They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。 另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。