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根据括号中的要求改写下列句子。1. He is going to Shanghai. (用现在完成时) ? ______________________________________2. I heard about the news about the space tra-八年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-01-02 00:00:00  互联网

题文

根据括号中的要求改写下列句子。
1. He is going to Shanghai. (用现在完成时) ?
   ______________________________________
2. I heard about the news about the space travel. (改为同义句) ?
    ______________________________________
3. Scientists have found life on other planets.(改为否定句) ?
    ______________________________________
4. They haven't been to Mars. (用yet) ?
       ______________________________________
5. The spacecraft has reached the moon. (用just)?
    ______________________________________ 
6. Many astronauts have visited the space station. (用already) ?
    ______________________________________
题型:句型转换  难度:中档

答案

1. He has gone to Shanghai.
2. I heard of the news about the space travel.
3. Scientists haven't found life on other planets.
4. They haven't been to Mars yet.
5. The spacecraft has just reached the moon.?
6. Many astronauts have already visited the space station.

据专家权威分析,试题“根据括号中的要求改写下列句子。1. He is going to Shanghai. ..”主要考查你对  副词,动词短语,现在完成时,主谓一致  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

副词动词短语现在完成时主谓一致

考点名称:副词

  • 副词:
    是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
    副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
    副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

  • 副词分类:
    1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
    1)表示发生时间的副词:
    It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了!
    2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
    She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
    3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
     He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
    2、地点副词:
    1)有不少表示地点的副词:
    She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
    2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
    ①用作介词:Stand up!  起立!
    ②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
    3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词: 
    It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
    3、方式副词:
    carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
    4、程度副词:
    much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
    5、疑问副词:
    how, when, where, why.
    6、关系副词:
    when, where, why.等。
    7、 连接副词:
    therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

    副词的语法作用:
    副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
    He works hard. (作状语)
    他工作努力。
    You speak English very well. (作状语)
    你英语讲的相当好。
    Is she in ? (作表语)
    她在家吗?
    Let's be out. (作表语)
    让我们出去吧。
    Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
    这儿很难弄到食物。
    Let him out!(作补语)
    让他出去!
    修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
    a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

  • 不同类型副词的用法比较:
    方式副词:
    1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
    How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
    2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
    She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
    3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
    He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

    程度副词和强调副词 :
    1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”:   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗?
      [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
    a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
    b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
    2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
    a. 修饰形容词等:
    I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
     b. 修饰比较级:
    You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
    Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

    疑问副词和连接副词:
    1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
    how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
    where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
    when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
    why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
    2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
    how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
    where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
    when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
    why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)

    一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
    Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
    Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

  • 副词的位置:
    1、实义动词前,be动词、情态动词之后。
    I am also Bush.
    I can also do that.
    I also want to play that games.
    I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
    He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
    She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
    The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
    We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
    They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
    He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
    I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

    2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
    It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
    He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
    It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
    It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
    It's much better. 好多了。

    3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
    I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
    I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
    我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
    You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
    He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
    We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
    The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

    4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
    When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
    Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
    First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
    How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱?
    Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
    The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。

    5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
    We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
    昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
    What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
    昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
    The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
    一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

    6、否定副词在句首,句子要倒装,如:
    Never have I felt so excited!

  • 兼有两种形式的副词:
    1) close与closely
    close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
    He is sitting close to me.
    Watch him closely.

    2) late 与lately
    late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
    You have come too late.
    What have you been doing lately?

    3) deep与deeply
    deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
    Even father was deeply moved by the film.

    4) high与highly
    high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
    The plane was flying high.
    I think highly of your opinion.

    5) wide与widely
    wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
    He opened the door wide.
    English is widely used in the world.

    6) free与freely
    free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
    You may speak freely; say what you like.
    副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态,而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

考点名称:动词短语

  • 动词短语:
    由动词和动短语成,或以动词为中心,功能同动词的短语叫动词短语,动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式,动词短语的搭配可分为下列四种基本类型。

  • 动词短语搭配形式:
    1.动词+副词
    ①作及物动词,例: 
    He brought up his children strictly.   
    从以上的例句中可以看出,在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况:
    宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间。
    而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间。   
    ②作不及物动词,例:    
    Something unexpected has turned up. 出现了令人意外的情况。(turn up=appear)   
    ③既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词,例:   
    The barrel of gunpowder blew up.(不及物)火药桶爆炸了。   
    The soldiers blew up the bridge.(及物)士兵们把桥炸毁了。

    2.动词+介词 
    动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面,例:
    I don’t much care for television.我不很喜欢电视。(care for=like)

    3.动词+副词+介词
    在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词。
    它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点,但宾语总是位于介词之后,例: 
    We must work hard to make up for lost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。(make up for=compensate)

    4.动词+名词
    这类动词短语中的常见动词是have,take,give,make等,
    后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词,并表达了短语动词的真正意义,例:    
    Let’s have another try.让我们再试一下。(have a try=v.try)  

    5.动词+名词+介词    
    这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度,宾语总是位于介词之后,
     例:Keep an eye on the baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。   

    6.be+形容词(包括过去分词作形容词)+介词    
    这类动词短语也相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义,
    例:I know he is slow at understanding,but you have to be patient with him. 我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些。

  • 动词短语与短语动词:
    <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />一、短语动词
    (1)短语动词常常是两个词(一个动词+一个副词性小品)构成,如:wake up , get up ,turn out 等。

    (2)同一个动词后面可以有不同的副词性小品词,构成不同意义的短语动词。如:He turn on the radio .Bob turned out smiling.

    (3)短语动词用法普遍,尤其在非正式语言中:

    我们可以说 He awoke late the following morning .但这太正式了。

    我们通常说 He woke up late the following morning .


    短语动词的类型

    Here is a page from Mr Jones` diary :

    Monday ,February 5th.

    *有些短语动词不带宾语:

    The car broke down .Cigarette prices are going up.

    *多数主短语动词可以带宾语,宾语通常在副词性小品词的前或后:

    动词+副词性小品词+宾语 动词+宾语+副词性小品词

    I rang up a garage. I rang a garage up.

    如果宾语较长,则通常放在副词之后:

    I filled in an application form.(不说 I filled an application form in .)

    如果宾语是代词,其结构通常如下:

    动词+代词+副词性小品词

    I put it down.(不说 I put down it .)

    *有些短语动词是由三个词构成的(动词+副词性小品词+介词),这样,宾语就只能放在介词后面:

    I don`t get on with the people at work.

    短语动词由动词加上介词或副词小品词构成。比如:
    1. 由动词break构成的常见短语动词有:
    break away (from) 突然逃离;断绝往来,脱离;改掉,破除
    break down (机器等)坏了;(计划等)失败;(谈话等)中断;(健康等)变坏;感情失去控制
    break in 突然进来,强行进入;插嘴,打岔;训练,使适应
    break into 强行进入;突然…起来;打断,插嘴;占用时间
    break off 停止讲话;暂停,休息;(使)折断
    break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生,爆发
    break through 突破;克服,征服;强行穿过;(太阳等)从云层里出来
    break up 解散,驱散;(学校等)放假;结束,破裂;击碎;绝交
    break with 与…绝交,与…决裂
    2. 又如由bring构成的常用短语动词有:
    bring about 引起,实现,导致
    bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法;使苏醒;顺便把某人带来串门
    bring back 送还;使想起,使恢复
    bring down 击落;打死,打伤;使倒下;降低
    bring forth 产生,引起,结果
    bring in 收获;获利;介绍,引进;聘请;逮捕
    bring off 从船上救出;设法做成
    bring on 带来,引起;促使生长;帮助提高
    bring out 取出,拿出;显示出,使出来;出版
    bring over 说服,使改变(思想等)
    bring through 使度过(困难,危机等)
    bring together 使和解
    bring up 提出,提起;抚养,培养;呕吐

    二、动词短语
    动词短语由动词加上宾语或状语构成。如:
    break a glass 打破一个玻璃杯
    break one’s leg 摔断腿
    break a window 打破窗户
    break the rules 违反规定
    break a bad habit 改掉坏习惯
    break the world record 打破世界记录
    bread easily 容易断
    break to pieces 破成碎片
    bring a book 带来一本书
    bring sb sth 给某人带来某物
    bring sb great satisfaction 给某人带来极大的快慰
    bring death and famine 导致死亡和饥荒

  • 初中英语动词短语整理:
    1. break
    break down破坏,出毛病,拆开
    break off暂停,中断
    break in破门而入, 打断
    break into破门而入,突然…起来
    break out爆发
    break away from打破陈规;奋力挣脱;放弃习惯
    break through 出现,突破
    break up打碎,拆散, 分裂、分解

    2. call
    call at a place (车船等)停靠;到某地拜访。
    call away 叫走,叫开…;转移(注意力等)。
    call back唤回; 回电话;
    call for需要,要求
    call for sth (sb) 喊着叫某人来,喊着叫人取来某物
    call in 叫进,请进; 找来,请来;来访;收回
    call off取消; 叫走,转移开
    call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人
    call sb sth 为某人叫某物
    call (up)on sb to do sth
    叫(请)某人做某事
    call up给…打电话;  想起,回忆起; 召集,应召入伍   
    call out大喊,高叫; 叫出去

    3. come
    come down下跌,落,降,传下来   
    come in进来  
    come out出版,结果是
    come on来临/ 快点   
    come along一道来,赶快
    come over走过来   
    come up发芽,走近     
    come back回来   
    come from来自,源自

    4. cut
    cut down砍倒,削减  
    cut up连根拔除,切碎

    5. die
    die of死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
    die from死于(外界原因)    
    die out绝种

    6. fall
    fall behind落后 
    fall down掉下,跌倒
    fall into 落入;陷入
    fall off 从。。。掉下
    fall out与。。。争吵

    7. go
    go along沿着。。。。走
    go through通过,经受
    go over复习,检查                  
    go up(价格)上涨,建造起来               
    go against违反  
    go away离开
    go by时间过去                      
    go down降低,(日、月)西沉
    go on(with)继续进行                  
    go out外出,熄灭                  
    go off发出响声

    8. get
    get down下来,记下,使沮丧         
    get on进展,进步,穿上,上车           
    get off脱下,下车
    get away逃跑,逃脱,去休假
    get over克服,从疾病中恢复  
    get along with进展,相处
    get up起床                              
    get into (trouble) 陷入困境中              
    get back取回,收回                      
    get out 出去
    get to 到达。。。

    9. give
    give away赠送,泄露,出卖        
    give out发出,疲劳,分发,      
    give in (to sb.) 屈服
    give up放弃,让(座位)

    10. hand
    hand in交上,提交
    hand out分发    

    11.hold
    hold on to…继续,坚持
    hold up举起,使停顿
    hold on别挂电话,等,坚持     

    12. keep       
    keep up with跟上
    keep out 不使。。。进入              
    keep from克制,阻止
    keep away from避开,不接近,
    keep on继续,坚持下来
    keep down 使。。。处于低水平                 

    13.knock
    knock at/on敲
    knock into撞到某人身上                   

    14. look
    look up查找,向上看 
    look through翻阅,浏览     
    look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找
    look out(for)当心                                  
    look about / around/round四下查看
    look forward to盼望                           

    15. make
    make up编造,打扮,组成           
    make into / of / from 制成           

    16.pass     
    pass by经过              
    pass down(on)…to传给

    17. pay
    pay back还钱,报复 
    pay for付钱,因…得到报应  

    18. pick
    pick up拾起,接人,站起,收听,
    pick out挑选,辨认,看出  

    19. put
    put up张贴,举起,   
    put out伸出,扑灭            
    put off推迟               
    put into放进,翻译
    put away放好,存钱           
    put down记下,平息
    put on穿戴,上映,              
    put aside放到一边         
    put back放回

    20. stand
    stand out 突显,引人注目
    stand up 起立,站起来
    38.其它常用词组
    wake up 醒,唤醒,弄醒
    stay up 不睡觉;熬夜
    depend on依靠;取决于
    worry about为。。。担忧
    laugh at嘲笑。。。
    begin with以。。。开始
    mix up混合、搀和
    major in 主修
    grow up成长
    open up 打开,张开;开发
    end up到达或来到某处; 达到某状态
    throw away 丢弃。。。
    ask for要求。。。
    wait for等待。。。
    agree with同意。。。
    find out(经研究或询问)获知某事
    send out 发出,放出,射出
    search for 搜索,搜查
    chop down 砍到
    have.. on 穿着。。。
    step out of 跨步走出
    drop out of 从。。。掉出
    happen to 发生在。。。
    belong to属于
    arrive in /at到达。。。
    try on试穿。。。
    vote on对。。。进行投票
    strech out伸展。。。
    hang out闲逛
    leave for离开前往
    sell out 卖完、售完
    show up 出席;露面

    21. run
    run after追逐,追捕   
    run away逃跑  
    run off跑掉,迅速离开       
    run out of用完

    22. set
    set up建立       
    set off 激起,引起      

    23. take
    take after 与…相像
    take off脱掉,起飞  
    take away拿走  
    take up从事,占用(时间空间)   
    take down记录,取下       
    take back收回
    take pride in以… ……为自豪,
    take the place of 代替

    24. think
    think of想起,考虑,对…看法   
    think out(自然)想出办法  
    think up想出(设计出、发明、编造)
    think about考虑      
    think over仔细考虑      

    25. turn
    turn off / on打开                  
    turn to翻到,转向,求助
    turn down调低,拒绝               
    turn back返回,转回去
    turn round转过身来                 
    turn up向上翻,出现,音量调大                     

    26. care
    care about 担心,关心;在乎,介意
    care for 关心,关怀,照顾

    27. clean
    clean up 把…打扫干净,把…收拾整齐
    clean out 清除;把…打扫干净

    28.learn
    learn about 获悉,得知,认识到
    learn from  从/向。。。学习

    29. fight
    fight for..争取获得…
    fight against 争取克服、战胜…
    fight with…与。。。搏斗/战斗

    30. dream
    dream of梦想,想橡
    dream about 梦到。。。

    31. work
    work for 为。。工作
    work out 产生结果;发展;成功

    32. argue
    argue with …与。。。争论
    argue about..争论。。。

    33. complain
    complain to 向。。抱怨
    complain about抱怨。。。

    34. hear
    hear of 听说,得知
    hear about听到。。。的事,听到。。的话
    hear from接到。。。的信

    35. talk
    talk about 讨论。。。
    talk with/to..和。。。讨论

    36. live
    live in 住在。。。
    live on 以。。。为主食

  •  

考点名称:现在完成时

  • 现在完成时:
    过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
    基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
    句式:
    1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。
    如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
    2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如:
    —Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗?
    —Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。)
    3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如:
    How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次?
    提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如:
    I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
    → I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
    → Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句)
    现在完成时常见两种句型:
    ①for短语
    ②It is+一段时间+ since从句

  • 现在完成时特点:
    1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
    例如:
    He has left.
    He has been away for an hour.
    2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。
    例如:
    He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
    Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
    3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
    例如:Have you read it already?

  • 现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
    现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
    但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,
    而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。
    比较:
    I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到)
    I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)

    have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别:
    have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;
    have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,
    前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。
    如:
    They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
    He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

    现在完成时注意事项:
    1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:
    It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

    2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
    I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。

    3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)
    如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for,since连用.

    4.不能与when连用.

  • 现在完成时的用法:
    1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
    -Have you had lunch yet?    
    -Yes,I have. I've just had it.
    2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。
    常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:
    He has taught here since 1981
    他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)
    I have't seen her for four years.
    我有四年没见到她了。
    3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。
    常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如:
    I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

    4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:
    now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
    Peter has written six papers so far.
    Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
    There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
    The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
    Up to the present everything has been successful.

    5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:
    already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
    He has already obtained a scholarship.
    I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
    We have seen that film before.
    Have they found the missing child yet?

    6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
    现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
    例如:
    He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
    现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此:
    该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
    例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
    7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
    现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
    例如:
    He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。
    (动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
    I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
    (动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
    此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
    例如:
    I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
    注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
    如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
    8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
    主语+have / has been+since短语
    例如:He has been in the League for three years.
    或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了  
    9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。  
    Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
    I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
    has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
    has gone to:去了没回
    has been to :去过
    has been in:呆了很久

考点名称:主谓一致

  • 英语中的一致主要包括主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致、时态一致、名词和其代词的一致。
    主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致,即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。

  • 主谓一致原则:
    1、语法上的一致
    所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。
    谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。
    China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。
    We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。
    使用语法一致的情况
    (1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构
    如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。
    My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。
    Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。
    注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。
    Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。
    No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。
    (2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语
    主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如:
    with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to,
    谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。
    The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。
    The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。
    A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。
    E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。
    Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。
    All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。
    (3)非谓语动词或从句作主语
    非谓语动词 (动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。
    When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。
    Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。
    To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。
    When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。
    注意:当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。
    What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。
    What we need here are workers.我们这里需要的是工人。
    Lying and stealing are immoral.说谎与偷窃是不道德的。
    (4)each和复合不定代词作主语
    each和some/any/no//every十body/one/thing构成的复合不定代词:
    anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主语,谓语动词用单数。
    Each is worse than the one before. 一个比一个差。
    Nobody knows the answer. 没有一个人知道这答案。
    Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。
    Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么东西吗?
    There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。
    (5)“many a +单数名词”作主语
    “many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
    Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多学生去过北京。
    There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不只有一个答案。
    (6)“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the等限定词和修饰语
    “one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only,the very,the等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
    Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man.
    汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。
    He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.他是这三年来唯一的一个获得奖学金的学生。
    注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。
    Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。
    (7)由两个部分组成的物体名词作主语
    英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如g1asses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀),shorts(短裤),shoes(鞋子),trousers(裤子)等作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。
    His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼镜碎了,因而看不清楚。
    His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是棉布的。
    注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时,则以这些名词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。
    Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。
    This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。

    2、意义上的一致
    意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数;
    若主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词用复数。
    The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。
    The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在调查此事。
    使意义上的一致的情况
    (1)由and连接两个并列主语
    其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个人、同一事物、单一概念时,谓语动词要用单数,有时两个名词共用一个冠词。
    The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词)
    There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯?哈利的记者兼作家。
    Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上策。
    注意:用and连接起来的两个单数主语,谓语动词可以是单数,也可以是复数。
    Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。
    Time and tide wait/waits for no man .岁月不等人。
    (2)形复意单的名词作主语
    ①复数形式的专有名词(表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等)做主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数。
    The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。
    The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜谭》是流传世界各地的名著。
    The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。
    注意:表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,谓语也用复数。
    The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。
    Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。
    The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。
    There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。
    ②以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语,通常表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有:
    physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。
    Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政治课。
    Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和用财之道。
    注意:当这些动词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时,谓语动词需用复数形式。
    What are his politics?他的政见如何?
    The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对现代各国政府都重要。
    ③news,maths,plastics,physics,works,means(方法),the United States等虽然以-s结尾,但意义上作为单数看待。
    “News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集团军司令说:”
    随着我们军队的推进胜利的消息接踵而至。”
    Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us.
    数学/物理是我们必修的科目。
    Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear.
    所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了,但天空还是不晴朗的。
    ④成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。
    Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油是西方人每天的食品。
    His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无限感觉,无限忠于党。
    ⑤“one and a half +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数。
    One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在桌子上。
    One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。
    注意:“one or two+复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。
    One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两天就足够了。
    There are one or two things I want to talk over with you .我有一两件事想跟你商量。
    (3)有生命的集体名词作主语
    有生命的集体名词 (如people,police,cattle,militia)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。
    Cattle are also kept. 还养了一些牛。
    There are many people there. 那里有很多人。
    The police are looking for the thief. 公安人员在搜寻那个小偷。
    All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。
    注意:family,team,class,government,audience,crew,committee等集体名词,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;
    如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族”解时,作单数用。
    Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.张家很大,一共12口人。
    The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。
    My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。
    The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。
    The class has won the honour. 这个班获得了荣誉。
    The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。
    (4) 名词化的形容词作主语
    名词化的形容词作主语,按照意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。
    如果指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式,如果指一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。
    这类形容词有:old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。
    The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不开心的时候。
    The wounded is a policeman. 受伤者是一名警察。
    The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。
    (5) 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语
    表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
    Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我们离开学校已经20年了。
    Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大笔钱。
    Two months is quite a long time. 两个月时间是很长的。
    Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我们做这个实验两个小时就够了。
    Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一个相当远的距离。
    注意:如果说话人侧重一个个的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。
    Twenty years have passed since we parted.自从我们分手以后20年己经过去了。
    (6)“a number of十复数可数名词”与“the number of十复数可数名词”作主语
    “a number of十复数可数名词”表示 “一些、许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;
    “the number of十复数可数名词”表示 “……的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数。
    The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons.
    邀请来的人数是50,但很多人因不同的原因没来。
    A number of books are missing from the library.
    图书馆丢了许多书。
    The number of workers in this factory is increasing.
    这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。
    (7)none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词作主语
    none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词时,有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据说话人的意思决定。
    None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他们没有一个到达新住宅区。
    None of them have arrived yet. 他们都还没到。
    (8)“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语
    “分数/百分数+of短语”作主语,这时要以of短语中的名词是否为复数而定。
    Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.该地区五分之二的土地为树木和草所覆盖。
    89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸烟者是男性。
    In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国,75%的谷物用来喂养动物。
    Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。
    Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反对核计划。
    (9)表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语
    表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数,应根据后接名词的单、复数形式而定。
    这些名间或代词有all,any,enough,half,more,most,the rest,part,some等。
    The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不难上。
    The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。
    Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分时间用来读书。
    Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。
    Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。
    Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些苹果散落在地上。
    (10)两个主语,一个肯定,一个否定,谓语动词与肯定主语相一致。
    The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子,而是他的双亲。

    3、邻近原则
    邻近原则是指谓语动词要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持人称与数的一致。
    Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是学生。
    There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支钢笔,两把椅子和一张桌子。
    这主要有以下几种情况。
    (1)由or,either…or等连接的并列结构作主语
    由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语,通常按照就近一致原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。
    Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校长在会议上对这些天才的学生颁奖。
    Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都没有做完试验。
    Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友们错了,就是他哥哥错了。
    Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。
    Not only the teacher but also his students have studied the question. 不仅老师而且他的学生们都研究了这个问题。
    (2)在主谓倒装句时
    在主谓倒装句中,主语并列,谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语相一致。由here或there引导的句子,若有并列主语,谓语也与最靠近的那个主语一致。
    There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌、一张饭桌和3把椅子。
    There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房间里有3把椅子、一张书桌和一台电脑。
    Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在时妻子和孩子呆在哪儿?

  • "表里不一"现象:
    主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象
    和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下
    1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
    More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花.
    2,"many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如:
    Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树.
    3,"half of,the rest of,most of,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如:
    Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.
    4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如:
    "All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利
    5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如:
    What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书.
    6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如:
    No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.
    7,当主语后面有as well as,with,along with,together with,but,like,rather than,except,逗号加and连接几个名字等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如:
    My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.
    8,each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如:
    They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车.
    9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如:
    Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯.
    10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如:
    The following are good examples下面是一些好例子.
    11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news,works,plastics等同属此类.例如:
    Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.
    当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时,用作复数,如:mathematics(运算能力)politics(政治观点)economics(经济意义)等
    12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers,glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如:
    The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适.
    还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数:arms(武器).clothes.contents.minites(记录).remains(遗体).thanks等
    13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如:
    One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果.
    14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如:
    One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙.
    15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,"the one of + 复数名词+定语从句"定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如:
    He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一.
    16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如:
    One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.

  • 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致:
    英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。
    它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困难,以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。
    (一)以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题
    (二)以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题
    (三)以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题
    (四)以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题
    (五)其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题

    集合名词的主谓一致原则:

    集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类.
    1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如:
    a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等。
    这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数;
    复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
    【例如】
    A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
    每个上午 一大群人经常聚集在广场上
    The government has decided to pass the bill.
    政府已决定通过这一法案
    There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
    星期天有大群大群的人在街上。
    There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
    在世界上有许多讲英语的人
    但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中.
    2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数。
    这类名词常见的有:humanity,mankind,proletariat等.
    【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress.
    3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police,cattle,faculty,flock,machinery,vermin,personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.
    【例如】The police have caught the murder.
    Our personnel are very highly trained.
    The vermin are very dangerous.
    4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大.
    【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
    The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
    The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
    这类集合名词常见的有:class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience等.
    根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词;
    若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词。
    试比较:The football team is playing well.
    那个足球队打得非常漂亮.
    The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点。
    The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。
    That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。

    巧记主谓一致原则:
    单单复复最常见,集体名词谓用单,如若强调其成员,复数谓语记心间。
    有些名词谓常复,people,police即这般。主语单数后接介,谓语单数介无关,
    many a作主语也如此,谓语动词应用单。or、nor、but also、there be,近主原则挂嘴边。
    关系代词定主语,谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词,主语从句谓全单。
    时间、货币与距离,谓语多单复少见,rest,means,fol1owing等,意义决定其复、单。
    none,all,half of等,of之宾语定答案。还有分数、百分数,仍据of之宾定复、单。
    代词all指人谓复数,all指事情谓用单。量词用法请注意,谓语要随量词变。
    and连接两名词,身兼两职一定冠,no,each,every后单名,两件(种)事(物)系一概念,
    以上情况请记清,谓语动词全用单。形容词带the一类人,姓氏复数加定冠,
    -s结尾的海峡、山脉与群岛,谓语用复勿用单。neither,either,each,用作主语谓全单。



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