（3） He ,she , it 等代词单个做主语: He is in the tree. She likes her family very much. （4） 单个的人名，地名或称呼作主语： Mary is a doctor. Uncle Li speaks a little English. Changchun is a beautiful city.
（5） 指示代词this, that 等作主语: This is a pear. That is an apple .
（6） Everyone, everything ,something, nobody, nothing.等不定代词作主语时 Is everyone here today? Everything is ok .
过去分词构成形式： 1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式） work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited (2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1] (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped (5)、以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ed， picnic→picnicked ，traffic→trafficked 2 、不规则动词：见不规则动词表
分词用法： 1、分词作状语 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。 分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。 当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。 完成或被动关系用过去分词。 ①现在分词： The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. ②过去分词： Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构 现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。 ①现在分词： When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work…… ②过去分词： Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语 分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。 现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 例：I see him passing my house every day. I caught him stealing things in that shop. I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语 分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。 过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物； ①过去分词： We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened. ②现在分词： He was very amusing. That book was rather boring. 很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语： exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
