另外,在两者的形式也有所差异,有的过去式和过去分词一样 ,有的不一样 . 比如: begin began begun 就不一样 teach taught taught 就一样 用的时候一定要分清
过去分词结构: 1. 过去分词独立结构 过去分词有时可有其独立主语,二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中,常用作状语,用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如: He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随) This done,we went home. 做完此事,我们就回家了。(表时间) All our savings gone,the couple started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了,这对夫妻就开始找工作。(表原因) That point settled,the speaker went on to the next one. 那个问题讲完了,演讲人继续讲下一个问题。(表时间) 2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构 With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan. 每件事都考虑到了,我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。 With different methods used,different results are obtained. 采用不同的方法,得到不同的结果。 She went angrily away without a word spoken. 她一个字也没说,就生气地走了。 3. 过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语 (1) 过去分词(短语)在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语,这些词语有: have 让,使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得 see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现 feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使 want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意 observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态 如: The work left him exhausted. 这个活使得他筋疲力尽。 The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn. 看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。 The tenant found the house renovated. 房客看到房子已整修过了。 It’s better to leave some things unsaid. 有些事倒是不说的好。 I don’t want my name linked with him. 我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。 The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately. 当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。 (2)过去分词(短语)在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语,表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如: I had my car repaired 我把我的车修好了。(别人修的) I had my hair cut 我理发了。(别人给我理的) We must get the television set repaired 我们必须把电视机修好。(被别人修) He had his window broken to pieces. 他的窗户给打破了。(被他人打破)
初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表: (1)AAA型(动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形) cost(花费)cost cost cut(割) cut cut spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英) hit(打) hit hit hurt 伤害) hurt hurt let(让) let let put(放) put put read (读)read read
(2) AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形) beat(跳动) beat beaten
(3) ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形) become(变成) became become awake awoke awoken come(来) came come run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形) dig(挖) dug dug build built built get(得到) got got/gotten catch caught caught hang(吊死) hanged hanged deal dealt dealt hang(悬挂) hung hung feed fed fed hold(抓住) held held find found found shine(照耀) shone shone sit(坐) sat sat pay paid paid win (赢) won won send sent sent meet(遇见) met met shoot shot shot keep (保持) kept kept tell told told sleep(睡) slept slept win won won sweep(扫) swept swept feel(感觉) felt felt smell(闻) smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled leave(离开) left left build(建设) built built lend(借出) lent lent send (传送) sent sent spend(花费) spent spent lose (丢失) lost lost burn (燃烧) burnt burnt learn(学习) learnt learnt mean(意思是) meant meant catch(抓住) caught caught teach(教) taught taught bring(带来) brought brought fight (战斗) fought fought buy(买) bought bought think(想) thought thought hear (听见) heard heard sell(卖) sold sold tell(告诉) told told say(说) said said find(找到) found found have/has(有) had had make(制造) made made stand(站) stood stood understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形) begin(开始) began begun take(取) took taken drink(喝) drank drunk mistake(弄错) mistook mistaken ring(铃响) rang rung ride(骑) rode ridden sing (唱) sang sung do(做) did done swim(游泳) swam swum write(写) wrote written blow(吹) blew blown go(去)went gone draw (画) drew drawn lie(平躺) lay lain fly(飞) flew flown see(看见) saw seen grow(生长) grew grown wear (穿) wore worn know(知道) knew known be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been throw(投掷) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/born speak(说,讲) spoke spoken draw drew drawn wake(醒) woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed drive(驾驶) drove driven hide hid hidden eat(吃) ate eaten lay laid laid 放置 fall(落下) fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎 give(给) gave given lie lay lain 躺 rise(升高) rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken steal stole stolen can----could may---might will---would shall---should must----must
考点名称:现在完成时
现在完成时: 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词 句式: 1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。 如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。 2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如: —Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗? —Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。) 3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如: How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次? 提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如: I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。 → I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句) → Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句) 现在完成时常见两种句型: ①for短语 ②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点: 1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。 例如: He has left. He has been away for an hour. 2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。 例如: He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。 例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别: 现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。 但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等, 而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。 比较: I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到) I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别: have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称; have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称, 前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。 如: They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 现在完成时注意事项: 1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如: It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如: I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
现在完成时的用法: 1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如: -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。 常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如: He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教) I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。 常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如: now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如: already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如: He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此: 该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。 例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 7.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。 例如: He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。 (动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。 (动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。 例如: I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。 如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 主语+have / has been+since短语 例如:He has been in the League for three years. 或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了 9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。 Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别 has gone to:去了没回 has been to :去过 has been in:呆了很久