所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时加助动词。1. —When were you born?—I _____ (be) born in 1996.2. —When did he stop _____ (hiccup)? —He stopped in 1999. 3. Yes-八年级英语
[db:作者] 2020-01-04 00:00:00 零零社区
题文
所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时加助动词。 1. —When were you born? —I _____ (be) born in 1996. 2. —When did he stop _____ (hiccup)? —He stopped in 1999. 3. Yesterday I met an old friend _____ (call) John. 4. I saw them _____ (walk) in the park. 5. My grandmother is a kind and _____ (love) person.
题型:填空题 难度:中档
答案
1. was 2. hiccupping 3. called 4. walk 5. loving
据专家权威分析,试题“所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时加助动词。1. —When were you b..”主要考查你对 系动词,形容词,实义动词,分词,动名词 等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
系动词的分类: 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique. (这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。 注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)
The chef is tasting the fish carefully. (厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。 注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。)
系动词用法点拨: 1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。 一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。 但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途: 一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如: He is being kind.(一时而不能持久的性质)他装出和蔼可亲的样子。 二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如: I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)我希望你保持健康。 Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗? 试比较: Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。 不可以说: Your hand is feeling cold.(×) 但可以说: The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)医生正在给她拿脉。 The soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错。 The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时)厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。 我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。 例如smell的用法可见一斑。 ①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。 The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。 ②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。 The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。 ③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。 The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。 某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。例如: He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。 Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。 The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。 英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如: 不能说: The apple is tasted good. (因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态) 但我们可以说: The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。 (taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态) 因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之 ,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。
4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如: ①不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years. 应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years. ②不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago. 应改为:He has been a writer since 3 years ago. 或It is three years since he turned writer. ③不能说:He got angry until his child came back home. 应改为:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5.系动词能接几种表语(从句) 系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式: ①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),feel(觉得);appear(显得),seem(似乎)。例如: It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. 他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。 She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there. 看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。 It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere. 我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。 She felt as if her head were splitting. 她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。 The river appeared as if enveloped in smog. 那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。 It seems as if it were spring already. 好像已是春天了。 ②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如: It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. 好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。 It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自语。 ③能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow. Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照料孩子们。 He seems not to look after the children. 他好像不是她的父亲。 She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old. 她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。 He didn’t appear to dislike it. 看不出他憎恨此事。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。 He will grow to like this work gradually. 他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。 ④能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem. There appeared to be only one room. 那儿好像只有一个房间。 There seems(to be)no need to go. 似乎没有必要走。
6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear. 举例说明: It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back. He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father. The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构 能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等);第二个是get,口语中常用。 当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。 Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况: 1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。 Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到) The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性) 2)表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。 John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。 They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。 另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。
考点名称:形容词
形容词: 简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard. 这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive. 对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now. 你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能: 一、作定语 He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。 Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。 二、作补语 形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如: The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。 Don't marry young.不要早婚。 三、作状语 形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如: Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。 Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。 四、做表语 The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。 五、做主语 Old and young joined the discussion. Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语 Very good!Say it again. Stupid!He must be crasy.
形容词的几个特殊用法: most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能” He is too young to go to school. =He isn’t old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置: 1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语? 单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:? a red flower一朵红花? an interesting story一个有趣的故事? six blind men 六个盲人? my own house我自己的房子? 如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。 如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。 2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? She has something new to tell me.?她有一些新的情况告诉我。? I have nothing important to do today.?今天我没有重要的工作要做。? Do you know anybody else here??这儿你还有认识的人吗?? 3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? It is a problem difficult to work out.?这是一道难以解决的问题。? Edison is a student difficult to teach.?爱迪生是个很难教的学生。? This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.?这是一种易栽的花。? 4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:? All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.? 所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。? We are building a new school, modern and super.? 我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。? All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。? 5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:? Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?? Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。 6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:? the writer present 出席的作者? the present writer 现在的作者? 7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 This river is about 100 metres wide. The building is more than 50 metres tall. He is less than 40 years old. 8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。 They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough. enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。 He is old enough to join the army. He isn’t old enough to go to school. 9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后 what/who/where/when/when else something/anything/nothing…else What else did you do? Do you have anything else to say? 10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。
形容词知识拓展: 名词化的形容词: 有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语; 表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。 Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor. The old are taken good care of in American. the+形容词,常见的短语有: the old/the young/the sick/the white/ the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)
复合形容词的类型: (1)名词+过去分词 man-made satellite 人造卫星 (2)形容词+现在分词 a good-looking man (3)形容词+名词 second-hand cars (4)数词+名词-ed three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子 (5)数词+名词 400- metre race (6)副词+现在分词 hard-working students (7)副词+过去分词 well-known writers (8)形容词+形容词 a dark-red jacket (9)形容词+过去分词 ready-made clothes 成品服装
含有形容词的常用句型: (1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth. (good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… ) It’s very kind of you to help me. (2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. (difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…) It’s important for us to learn English well. (3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful… I'm glad to see you. 表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain… I’m sorry to hear that.
某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词 the moving story 令人感动的故事 a moved boy 一个被感动的男孩 a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子 a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
实意动词使用方法: 及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如: I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。 “How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?” Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。 Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如: Birds fly.鸟会飞。 It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况 a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较: Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词) When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词) They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词) b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如: Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
英汉实意动词用法比较: 与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况: a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如: We arrived at the railway station at noon. 我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去) (比较:We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest. 每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去) (比较:We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly. 我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务 用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。
过去分词构成形式: 1.规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则: (1)、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。(然而要注意的是,过去分词并不是过去式) work---worked---worked , visit---visited---visited (2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。 live---lived---lived (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1] (4)、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped (5)、以ic结尾的动词,要把ic变成ick再加ed, picnic→picnicked ,traffic→trafficked 2 、不规则动词:见不规则动词表
分词用法: 1、分词作状语 分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。 分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。 当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。 完成或被动关系用过去分词。 ①现在分词: The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. ②过去分词: Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词”结构 现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。 ①现在分词: When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work…… ②过去分词: Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3、分词作定语 分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。 现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries
4、分词作宾语补足语 现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及 have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。 例:I see him passing my house every day. I caught him stealing things in that shop. I smelt something burning.
5、分词作表语 分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。 过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物; ①过去分词: We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning. She felt confused, and even frightened. ②现在分词: He was very amusing. That book was rather boring. 很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语: exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.
动名词的结构和形式: 动名词的否定结构: 动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如: Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。 He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。 I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。 (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式) There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构: 通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。 (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如: Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语) The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French. 这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语) Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语) They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there. 他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语) (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如: Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗? Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗? (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式): (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如: We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。 但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如: I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。 On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。 Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。 (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。 (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如: I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。 He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系: 动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是: 它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。 例如: Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful . (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。 She hates speaking in the public. (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较: ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作; 而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。 ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态; 而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词的用法: 一、动名词作主语 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。 注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如: There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如: No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟) No parking. (禁止停车) 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构 (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。 动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如: Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语 1.作动词的宾语 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有: admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。 Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 2.作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活? 3.作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。 表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。 (Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如: a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping