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完成下列同义句变化。1.—I'm sorry I'm late again. —That's all right.—I'm sorry I'm late again.—It ______.2. Our school has twenty classes. ______ twen-七年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-01-06 00:00:00  零零社区

题文

完成下列同义句变化。
1.—I'm sorry I'm late again. —That's all right.
   —I'm sorry I'm late again. —It ______.
2. Our school has twenty classes. 
    ______ twenty classes ______ our school.
3. These children walk to school every day.
    These children ______ to school ______ every day.
4. Thank you very much for your help.
    Thanks ______ for ______me.
5.Your trousers are very dear. They are nice, too.
   Your trousers are ______ dear ______ nice.
题型:句型转换  难度:中档

答案

1. doesn't matter 
2. There are; in  
3. go; on foot  
4. very much (a lot); helping 
5. both; and

据专家权威分析,试题“完成下列同义句变化。1.—I'm sorry I'm late again. —That'..”主要考查你对  助动词的单数第三人称形式,关系代词,副词,实义动词,动名词  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

助动词的单数第三人称形式关系代词副词实义动词动名词

考点名称:助动词的单数第三人称形式

  • 助动词的单三形式

    助动词

    be 

    do 

    have 

    shall 

    will 

    单三形式

    is

    does

    has

    shall

    will

考点名称:关系代词

  • 关系代词:
    用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。
    关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分,它在先行词和定语之间起纽带作用。
    主要的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which和that。
    ①who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语;
    whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语;
    whose在定语 从句中作定语,其先行词既可以是人也可以是物。
    例如:The teacher who/whom you want to see has come.
    ②which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。 
    例如:Here is the coat which will be made to you.
    ③that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
    例如:I have eaten bread that/which he gave to me.

  • 关系代词的基本用法:
    (1)引导定语从句
    关系代词代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:
    The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
    (该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
    This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
    (whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
    He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回来都忘记了他的那本书。
    (which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
    (2)which为其先行词。例如:
    He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
    (3)其他用法
    关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
    I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
    He's changed. He's not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
    注释:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略,that在从句中作表语时也可省略。
    非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。

  • 关系代词的语法注意:
    1.常用that 不用which的情况:
    ①先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时。
    I will do all (that) I can to help you.
    ②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时。
    He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
    ③先行词既有人,又有物时
    They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
    ④当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。
    Who is the boy that was here just now?
    2. 若被修饰的名词充当从句介词宾语时
    介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which.
    The pencil with which he was writing broke.
    3. 当先行词为way时
    其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。
    I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.

    used to/be used to的分别:
    ①used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
    Mother used not to be so forgetful.
    ②be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
    Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
    ③used to 的用法 (否定式简写为usedn't) 过去经常,以前常常
    This used to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修)
    used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事,有时可以换用。
    used to do 强调过去习惯性的行为或状态,但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此,这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。

  • 关系代词的用法:
    一、不用that的情况
    在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
    介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.

    二、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
    a.在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
    b.在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。
    c.先行词有the only, the very.(恰恰,正好).any. few. little. no. all 修饰时,只用that。
    d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。
    e.先行词既有人,又有物时。
    Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

    三、不能用关系代词Which 的几种情况
    1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which.
    There are few books that you can read in this book store.
    2.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which.
    He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
    3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which.
    Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
    4.当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which.
    The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
    5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
    It is the only book that he bought himself.
    6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which.
    There is no clothes that fit you here.
    7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
    Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
    8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
    It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
    9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.
    We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
    10.表示" 正如... 那样 "," 正象..." 之意时,用as, 不用which.
    Mary was late again, as had been expected.
    11.As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。
    As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

    关系代词可以省略的情况:
    1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
    Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
    2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
    She is all (that) a teacher should be.
    3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现there be 时,用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
    This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
    4.状语的省略
    (1)当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。
    That is the reason (why) I did it.
    (2)当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。
    I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
    (3)当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when,that 或省略。
    I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
    注意:关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。

    关系代词不能省略情况:
    1.在介词+whom与介词+which中,whom,which不能省略。
    That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
    2.在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
    The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
    3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作宾语,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as)
    This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)
    4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,第一个关系代词可省,但第二,第三个不可省略。
    This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

  • 关系代词格式:
    关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。that的用法最广,that可指人也可指物。
    见表:

     

    限定性
    指人

    非限定性
    指物

    限定性
    指人或指物

    主格

    who

    which

    that

    宾格

    whom

    that

    that

    属格

    whose

    of  which
    whose

    of  which
    whose

  • 特殊关系代词的用法:
    关系词通常是用来引导定语从句的,但as,than和but这三个词却与which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的关系词不同。
    三者本身具有常见的字面意义,前面有名词作先行词,但后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
    这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就姑且称它们为准关系词。
    一、 as作为准关系代词出现在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等结构中。
    这时, as前面通常要有名词;
    as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句;
    as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
    1. the same ... as
            1) as在从句中作主语
      She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天来这儿的那个人。
      2) as在从句中作宾语
      This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 这块表跟我三个月前在上海观光时丢失的那块一样。
      3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
      China is not the same country as it used to be. 中国已今非昔比。
      4) as在从句中作行为方式状语
      You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你应该学会像你母亲那样做家务活。
    2. such ... as
      1) as在从句中作主语
      Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 让孩子看那些容易让他们变得更好更聪明的书。
      2) as在从句中作宾语
      This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种有趣的书。
      3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
      Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他这样的坏人一定会受到惩罚。
    3. as ... as
      1) 第二个as在从句中作主语
      He has as much money as is required. 他要多少钱就有多少钱。
      2) 第二个as在从句中作宾语
      I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一样多。
      3) 第二个as在从句中作be动词的表语
      As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。众所周知,台湾是中国的一个省。

    二、than作为准关系词 出现在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等结构中。这时, than前面要有名词; than本身有比较意义,而且需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
      1. than在从句中作主语
      Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心,我的钱比所需要的还要多。
      2. than在从句中作宾语
      I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的书比你的多/少。
      3. than在从句中作be动词的表语
      He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一个比你更好的男孩。
    三、but作为准关系词 本身含有否定意义,它前面的主句还有另一个否定意义。这时but在意义上相当于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
      1.定语从句中有be动词,并将其改为含but的复合句时, be动词后面不能再有not
      There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 没有人不关心自己的未来?
      2. 定语从句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助动词或情态动词,在将其改为含but的复合句时,这些助动词或情态动词后面不能再有not
      There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 没有她做不到的事?
      3. 定语从句中有助动词do, does, did, 在将其改为含but的复合句时,应去掉do, does, did, 还原其后动词的时态及人称变化
      There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 谁都希望自己将来能有所成就。
    四、which的先行词:关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子
      He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
    说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略
      I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。  

考点名称:副词

  • 副词:
    是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
    副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
    副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

  • 副词分类:
    1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
    1)表示发生时间的副词:
    It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了!
    2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
    She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
    3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
     He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
    2、地点副词:
    1)有不少表示地点的副词:
    She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
    2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
    ①用作介词:Stand up!  起立!
    ②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
    3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词: 
    It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
    3、方式副词:
    carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
    4、程度副词:
    much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
    5、疑问副词:
    how, when, where, why.
    6、关系副词:
    when, where, why.等。
    7、 连接副词:
    therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

    副词的语法作用:
    副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
    He works hard. (作状语)
    他工作努力。
    You speak English very well. (作状语)
    你英语讲的相当好。
    Is she in ? (作表语)
    她在家吗?
    Let's be out. (作表语)
    让我们出去吧。
    Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
    这儿很难弄到食物。
    Let him out!(作补语)
    让他出去!
    修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
    a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

  • 不同类型副词的用法比较:
    方式副词:
    1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
    How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
    2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
    She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
    3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
    He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

    程度副词和强调副词 :
    1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”:   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗?
      [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
    a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
    b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
    2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
    a. 修饰形容词等:
    I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
     b. 修饰比较级:
    You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
    Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

    疑问副词和连接副词:
    1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
    how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
    where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
    when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
    why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
    2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
    how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
    where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
    when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
    why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)

    一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
    Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
    Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

  • 副词的位置:
    1、实义动词前,be动词、情态动词之后。
    I am also Bush.
    I can also do that.
    I also want to play that games.
    I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
    He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
    She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
    The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
    We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
    They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
    He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
    I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

    2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
    It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
    He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
    It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
    It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
    It's much better. 好多了。

    3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
    I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
    I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
    我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
    You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
    He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
    We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
    The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

    4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
    When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
    Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
    First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
    How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱?
    Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
    The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。

    5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
    We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
    昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
    What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
    昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
    The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
    一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

    6、否定副词在句首,句子要倒装,如:
    Never have I felt so excited!

  • 兼有两种形式的副词:
    1) close与closely
    close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
    He is sitting close to me.
    Watch him closely.

    2) late 与lately
    late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
    You have come too late.
    What have you been doing lately?

    3) deep与deeply
    deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
    Even father was deeply moved by the film.

    4) high与highly
    high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
    The plane was flying high.
    I think highly of your opinion.

    5) wide与widely
    wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
    He opened the door wide.
    English is widely used in the world.

    6) free与freely
    free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
    You may speak freely; say what you like.
    副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态,而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

考点名称:实义动词

  • 实意动词:
    即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
    它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
    及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
    不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

  • 实意动词使用方法:
    及物动词
    后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
    I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
    “How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
    Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
    Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

    不及物动词
    本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
    Birds fly.鸟会飞。
    It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
    My watch stopped.我的表停了。
    She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

    兼作及物动词和不及物动词
    英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
    a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
    Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
    She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
    When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
    They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
    b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
    Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
    Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

  • 英汉实意动词用法比较:
    与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
    a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
    We arrived at the railway station at noon.
    我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
    (比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
    Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
    每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
    (比较:We all heard the lecture.)
    Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

    b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
    Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
    我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
    用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。

  •  实意动词的用法:
    肯定句:
    主语+动词过去式+其它
    否定句:
    主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
    一般过去式:
    Did+主语+动词原型+其他

考点名称:动名词

  • 动名词:
    如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
    它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
    由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
    动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

  • 动名词的结构和形式:
    动名词的否定结构:
    动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
    Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
    He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
    I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
    He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
    I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
    (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
    There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
    (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

    动名词复合结构:
    通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
    (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
    Do you think my going there will be of any help?
    你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
    The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
    这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
    Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
    They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
    他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
    (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
    Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
    你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
    Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
    我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
    (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
    She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
    她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

    动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
    (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
    We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
    His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
    但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
    I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
    On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
    Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
    Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
    (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
    He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
    We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
    (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
    I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
    She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
    The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
    He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。

  • 动名词与现在分词的关系:
    动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
    这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
    它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
    例如:
    Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
    (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
    She hates speaking in the public.
    (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

    动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
    ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
    My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
    ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
    The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
    2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
    动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
    ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
    前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
    而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
    ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
    前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
    而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。

  • 动名词用法口诀:
    动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
    Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
    用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
    用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
    用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
    否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
    说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

    动名词的用法:
    一、动名词作主语 
    1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
         Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
    2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
    动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
    It is no use telling him not to worry.   
    常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
    注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
    3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
    There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
    4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
    No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
    No parking. (禁止停车)   
    5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
    当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
    (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
    动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
    Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

    二、动名词作宾语
    1.作动词的宾语   
    某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
    admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
    They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
    I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
    Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
    每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
    2.作介词的宾语   
    We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
    Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
    3.作形容词的宾语   
    The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
    We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

    三、动名词作表语
    动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
    表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
    Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
    (Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
    What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
    (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

    四、动名词作定语
    动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
    a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
    a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
    a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
    a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
    sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

  • 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
    动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
    时态、语态 主动 被动
    一般式 writing being  written
    完成式
    having written
    having been written

  • 动名词使用注意事项:
    1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
    2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
    3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
    例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
    4) 有些词后只能接动名词
    acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
    detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
    hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
    recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
    5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
    it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
    there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
    6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
    remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
    例:remember to do/doing:
    ①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
    ②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
     forget与remember的用法类似。
     regret的用法:
    ①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
    ②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
     try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
    ①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
    ②Try practicing five hours a day.



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