被动语态的构成: 被动语态的基本结构： 主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者） ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词 如：Trees are planted every year. ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词 如：The road is being repaired. ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词 如：The work has been finished. ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 如：The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词 如： The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词 如： He told me that the work had been finished. ⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词 如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词 如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+ be +过去分词 如：The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out...... What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride..... This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 构成be+done.
不用于被动语态的情形： ①不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。 例如：A fire broke out during the night. ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态 这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 例如：My shoes do not fit me. ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态 例如：We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义: ①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 例如：The building looks very beautiful. ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book sells well. ③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 例如：Her eyes filled with tears. ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。 例如：Who is to blame? ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book is difficult to understand. ⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：Do you have time to help us? ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。 例如：The writing is too faint to read. ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 例如：This movie is worth seeing. ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型: ①It is said that...句式 例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. ②There is said that...句式 例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. ③sb./sth.is said that...句式 例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
感叹句结构： 一、由感叹词what引导的感叹句。 1.① What+a/an+（形容词）+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！ ② What+名词词组+主语+谓语！ 如: What a fine day it is! 2. What+(形容词）+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语! 如: What kind women they are! What nice music it is!
二、由How引导的感叹句。（how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。） 1.How+形容词（副词）+主语+谓语！ 如: How hard the workers are working! How clever the girl is! How quickly the boy is writing! 2. How+主语+谓语！ 如：How time flies! 时光飞逝!
三、注意: 1. 当how修饰动词时，动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。 如: How fast the runner runs! 2. how与what引导的感叹句中的第一种格式(单数名词)一般情况下可以相互转换，转换后意义不变。 如: What an interesting story it is! = How interesting the story is! What a beautiful building it is! = How beautiful the building is! 3. 在口语中，感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。 如: What a nice present!（省略it is） How disappointed!（省略she is或其它可作本句主、谓的词语）
感叹句 what 和 how 的区别： 1.由"what"引导的感叹句："what"意为"多么"用作定语，修饰名词（被强调部分），单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a/an,复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。 这类句子的结构形式是： what+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主语+谓语+(it is). 如： What a clever girl she is! 多么聪明的姑娘呀！
2.由"how"引导的感叹句："how"意为"多么"，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词（被强调部分）。 如果修饰形容词，则句中的谓语动词用系动词； 如果how修饰副词，则句中的谓语动词用行为动词，这类句子的结构形式是： How+adj.（adv.）+主语+谓语+(it is). 如： How cold it is today!今天多么冷呀！
3.在表示同一意义时，英语感叹既可用"what"引导，也可用"how"引导。如： What a hot day it is! How hot the day is !
４.感叹句在表示激动强烈的感情时，口语中常常采用省略句，其后面的主语和谓语往往略去不讲。 如：What a fine day! 多么晴朗的天呀！
一般陈述句转换成How或者What引导的感叹句的方法： 方法： 找出陈述句中的主语和谓语部分，再找出形容词，最后找陈述句中是否包含该形容词修饰的名词部分。 例如：My classmates are very kind and helpful. 分析： 句子的主语是my classmates，谓语（即动词）是are，形容词有kind和helpful，但没有该形容词要修饰的名词。 因此可以转换成How引导的感叹句，根据“How + adj. + 主语 + 谓语！”， 该陈述句可以改成： How kind and helpful my classmates are!
例如：China is a peaceful country. 分析： 句子中的主语是China，谓语是is，形容词是peaceful，而且有该形容词修饰的名词country，并且，country是可数名词，需要用冠词，原句有冠词a， 因此可以转换成What引导的感叹句，根据“What + n. + 主语 + 谓语！”， 该句子可以改成： What a peaceful country China is!
感叹句用法： 感叹句多以how或what引导，但在口语中，还有一些特殊的感叹句表达形式。 1．以副词here, there, in开头的感叹句。 Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！ There they are! 他们在那儿呢！ 2．以疑问词who开头，表示惊奇。 Who else will read such a book! 谁还会读这样的书！ 3．以情态动词may开头，表示愿望。 May you both be happy! 祝二位幸福。 May you succeed! 祝你成功！ 4．否定疑问句用作感叹句时，它的意义是肯定的；但肯定疑问句用作感叹句在美国英语中比较常见。 Aren’t they sweet! 他们多可爱啊！ I am hungry! 我饿极了！ 5．一些短语用作感叹句。 Dear me! 哎呀！ My goodness! 嗳呀！ None of your nonsense! 不要胡说了！ 6．一些作表语的成分用作感叹句。 Just my luck! 又倒霉了！ Sorry, my mistake! 对不起，是我的错！ 7.以从句表示的感叹句。例如： As if were my fault!好像是我的错似的！ To think a scandal of this sort should be going on under my roof!真想不到这种丑事竟然出在我们家里！
感叹句大全: 一、由 what 引导的感叹句，其句子结构可分为以下三种： “ What + a/an ＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！”。如： What a nice present it is! 它是一件多么好的礼物啊！ What an interesting book it is! 它是一本多么有趣的书啊！ “ What ＋形容词＋可数名词复数＋主语＋谓语！”。如： What beautiful flowers they are! 多么漂亮的花啊！ What good children they are! 他们是多么好的孩子啊！ “ What ＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！”。如： What fine weather it is today! 今天天气多好啊！ What important news it is! 多重要的新闻啊！
二、由 how 引导的感叹句，其句子结构也分为三种： “ How ＋形容词 / 副词＋主语＋谓语！”。如： How careful she is! 她多么细心啊！ How fast he runs! 他跑得多快啊！ “ How ＋形容词＋ a/an ＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！”。如： How beautiful a girl she is! 她是个多么漂亮的姑娘啊！ “ How ＋主语＋谓语！”。如： How time flies! 光阴似箭！ 由 what 引导的感叹句与由 how 引导的感叹句有时可以转换，但句中部分单词的顺序要有所变化。如： How beautiful a girl she is! ＝ What a beautiful girl she is! What delicious cakes these are! ＝ How delicious these cakes are!
三、有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。 如： Good idea! （好主意！） wonderful! （太精彩了！） Thank goodness! （谢天谢地！）
