被动语态的构成: 被动语态的基本结构： 主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者） ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词 如：Trees are planted every year. ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词 如：The road is being repaired. ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词 如：The work has been finished. ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 如：The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词 如： The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词 如： He told me that the work had been finished. ⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词 如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词 如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+ be +过去分词 如：The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out...... What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride..... This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 构成be+done.
不用于被动语态的情形： ①不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。 例如：A fire broke out during the night. ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态 这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 例如：My shoes do not fit me. ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态 例如：We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义: ①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 例如：The building looks very beautiful. ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book sells well. ③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 例如：Her eyes filled with tears. ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。 例如：Who is to blame? ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book is difficult to understand. ⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：Do you have time to help us? ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。 例如：The writing is too faint to read. ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 例如：This movie is worth seeing. ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型: ①It is said that...句式 例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. ②There is said that...句式 例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. ③sb./sth.is said that...句式 例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
不定式的用法: 1、不定式作主语 例如：To remember this is very important. 注意：为了避免头重脚轻，在许多情况下，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首主语位置使用形式主语it。 例如：It is very important to remember this. 2、不定式作表语 例如：He seems to be ill. 注意：不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem, appear, prove等系动词之后的不 定式（尤其是to be）， 二是像My job is to sweep the floor. 这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形， 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等，如： You are to come when I call. 3、不定式作宾语 例如：I can not afford to buy a car. 注意： ①不定式不仅用作动词的宾语，还可用作个别介词（but, except）的宾语。 例如：I had no choice but to wait. ②当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后 例如：I find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 4、不定式作宾语补足语 例如：Who taught you to drive? 5、不定式作定语 例如：I have a question to ask you. 注意：有的名词（如way, chance, right等）后用作不定式可换成of doing sth. 如：It is the best way to do (of doing) it. 但是以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth. attempt courage decision effort fortune failure invitation wish 6、不定式作状语 例如：I went to France to learn French.
