被动语态的构成: 被动语态的基本结构： 主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者） ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词 如：Trees are planted every year. ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词 如：The road is being repaired. ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词 如：The work has been finished. ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 如：The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词 如： The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词 如： He told me that the work had been finished. ⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词 如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词 如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+ be +过去分词 如：The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out...... What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride..... This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 构成be+done.
不用于被动语态的情形： ①不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。 例如：A fire broke out during the night. ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态 这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 例如：My shoes do not fit me. ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态 例如：We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义: ①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 例如：The building looks very beautiful. ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book sells well. ③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 例如：Her eyes filled with tears. ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。 例如：Who is to blame? ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book is difficult to understand. ⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：Do you have time to help us? ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。 例如：The writing is too faint to read. ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 例如：This movie is worth seeing. ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型: ①It is said that...句式 例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. ②There is said that...句式 例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. ③sb./sth.is said that...句式 例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
现在进行时与一般现在时的区别: （一）现在进行时表示动作的暂时性，而一般现在时表示动作的习惯性和经常性 I am watching TV now. （暂时性） I watch TV every day. （经常性） （二）现在进行时可表示短暂性动作，而一般现在时表示长久性动作。 Lucy is living in Beijing.（短时间居住） Lucy lives in Beijing. （长久性居住） （三）现在进行时表示的动作可带有感情色彩，而一般现在时所表述的动作通常是事实。 You’re always forgetting the most important things. （责备） He is always helping others. （赞扬） He often helps others. （事实） （四）有些动词不能用进行时，know, understand, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice，等等。 这些动词通常用一般现在时表示说话时发生的动作。 I have a lot of friends here. She wants to buy a new bike.
现在进行时用法注意： 1.进行时中，并不是所有的动词都要使用正在进行时。 例如一些表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不用进行时态，而是用现在一般时表示。 这些动词往往是等表示情感状态、知觉认识、愿望或短暂性的动词。 例如：see（明白）,know, want, like, hear, have(有), think, hope, hate等。 I hear someone singing. 我正听见有人唱歌。 Do you see anyone over there? 你看到那里有什么人吗？ What does he think of it? 他觉得这怎么样？ 如果这些词使用正在进行时态，句子带有某种感情色彩。例如： Are you seeing someone off? 你在给谁送行吗？ They are hearing an English talk. 他们在听一个英语报告。
2.现在进行时还有另外一种含义，即它们能表达即将发生的事情，相当于一般将来时。 有些动词从结构来看是现在进行时，但却是表示将要发生的事，而不表示动作现在正在进行。 这些动词往往是一些表示位置移动变化的动词：arrive, come, do, get, go, have, leave, meet, play, return, see, spend, start, stay, wear, work等。 We are leaving on Friday。我们星期五出发。 Are you going anywhere tomorrow？你明天准备去哪儿？ A foreign guest is giving a lecture this afternoon。今天下午一个外国客人将给我们作报告。 Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这里呆到下个星期吗？ 在表示将来的情况下，特别是be going to do sth. 这种结构，已经没有多少“去”的意思了，几乎就是用来表达“将要、打算”做什么事情。例如： It is going to be rather cold tomorrow。明天很可能非常冷。 She is not going to speak at the meeting。她不打算在那个会上发言。
3.当其与always、forever、continually、constantly 等副词连用时表示重复的动作，而这种动作可能使人不满，厌倦或满意。例如： ①She is perpetually interfering in my affairs.她老是干预我的事。 （不满） ②The students are making progress constantly.学生们在不断进步。 （满意）
4.在时间、条件状语从句中，有时可用现在进行时代替一般将来时。 When you are passing my way，please drop in. 你什么时候路过我家，请进来坐。
现在进行时的用法： A表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 例：We are waiting for you. B. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，说话时未必正在进行。 例：Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) 例：She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. C.已经确定或安排好的但不确定会不会发生的将来活动。 I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.（我下周要去尼泊尔旅行) We're flying to Paris tomorrow.(我们明天乘飞机去巴黎）现在进行时的应用 D .些非持续性动词的进行时可以表示动作即将进行或发生，或表示动作的重复。 例如：He is joining the army. E.当现在进行时中有always, forever, constantly, continually修饰时，表示说话人的 赞赏或厌烦的情绪。 例如：They are always helping us. 注意：表示状态、感觉、心理活动的静态动词时，一般不使用进行时态。 F.子中有now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。如： They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。 G.ook, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。如： Listen！She is singing an English song.听，她正在唱英语歌。 H.当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week, these days等时间状语，这时常用现在进行时。如： We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。 I.图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如： Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图，那些孩子正在公园放风筝。
