被动语态的构成: 被动语态的基本结构： 主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者） ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词 如：Trees are planted every year. ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词 如：The road is being repaired. ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词 如：The work has been finished. ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 如：The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词 如： The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词 如： He told me that the work had been finished. ⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词 如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词 如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+ be +过去分词 如：The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out...... What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride..... This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 构成be+done.
不用于被动语态的情形： ①不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。 例如：A fire broke out during the night. ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态 这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 例如：My shoes do not fit me. ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态 例如：We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义: ①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。 例如：The building looks very beautiful. ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book sells well. ③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 例如：Her eyes filled with tears. ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。 例如：Who is to blame? ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The book is difficult to understand. ⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：Do you have time to help us? ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用 被动式）。 例如：The writing is too faint to read. ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 例如：This movie is worth seeing. ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型: ①It is said that...句式 例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. ②There is said that...句式 例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. ③sb./sth.is said that...句式 例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
定语从句的分类： 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去; 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 1．由that引导的定语从句 一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如： The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker． 正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。 Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？ 这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？ The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father． 昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。 2．由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句 who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如： This is the thief who stole my bike．这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。 He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那个男孩。 The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。 3．由which引导的定语从句 which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如： The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”． 妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。 The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum． 鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。 4．由where，when和why引导的定语从句 where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如： I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。 He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。 I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。 ［注意点］ 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如： The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel 我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。
限定性定语从句： 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物； 它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。 而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
关系代词的用法 ： 1. 关系代词的句法功能 (1)关系代词在句中作主语 例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics (2) 关系代词在句中作宾语 例如：I like music that I can sing along with. (3)关系代词在句中作表语 例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语 例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short? 3. 关系代词的用法 (1)who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语， whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语，而who则不能。 例如： I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. (2)whose的用法：一般指人，有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。 例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics. (3)which的用法：一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。 例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. (4)that的用法：指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与that互换。 在从句中可作主语、宾语，还可作表语。 例如：It is a book (that/which) no one really likes. 4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)先行词是指人的不定代词时 例如：Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions. (2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语 例如：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother. 5. 在以下情况中，关系代词常用that (1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。 例如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress. (2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时，只能用that。 例如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out. (3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。 例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. (4)先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用他和她， 例如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 6. 只能用which不能用that的情形 (1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which 例如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. (2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which 例如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. (3)先行词本身就是that时 例如：I don’t like that which he did.
关系副词的用法 1. when的用法：它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。 例如：Do you remember the time when she went abroad? 2. where的用法：它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。 例如：I like places where the weather is always warm. 3. why的用法：它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。 例如：Tell me the reason why she was late.
