被动语态的构成: 被动语态的基本结构: 主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者) ① 一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词 如:Trees are planted every year. ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词 如:The road is being repaired. ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词 如:The work has been finished. ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 如:The story was told by him. Many birds were killed last year. ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词 如: The new house was being painted when I got home. ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词 如: He told me that the work had been finished. ⑦一般将来时 will +be + 过去分词 如:The problem will be discussed tomorrow. ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词 如: He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon. ⑨情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+ be +过去分词 如:The problem must be solved soon. Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out...... What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride..... This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带“to”,但变为被动语态时,须加上“to”。 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 构成be+done.
不用于被动语态的情形: ①不及物动词没有被动语态 这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。 例如:A fire broke out during the night. ②某些静态动词不用于被动语态 这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。 例如:My shoes do not fit me. ③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态 例如:We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义: ①系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。 例如:The building looks very beautiful. ②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如:The book sells well. ③有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。 例如:Her eyes filled with tears. ④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。 例如:Who is to blame? ⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如:The book is difficult to understand. ⑥不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如:Do you have time to help us? ⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中,若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用 被动式)。 例如:The writing is too faint to read. ⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。 例如:This movie is worth seeing. ⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。 例如:The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型: ①It is said that...句式 例如:It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number. ②There is said that...句式 例如:There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast. ③sb./sth.is said that...句式 例如:Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
现在完成时: 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词 句式: 1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。 如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。 2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如: —Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗? —Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。) 3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如: How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次? 提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如: I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。 → I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句) → Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句) 现在完成时常见两种句型: ①for短语 ②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点: 1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。 例如: He has left. He has been away for an hour. 2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。 例如: He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。 例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别: 现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。 但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等, 而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。 比较: I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到) I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别: have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称; have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称, 前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。 如: They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 现在完成时注意事项: 1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如: It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如: I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
现在完成时的用法: 1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如: -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。 常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如: He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教) I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。 常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如: now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如: already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如: He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此: 该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。 例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 7.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。 例如: He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。 (动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。 (动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。 例如: I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。 如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 主语+have / has been+since短语 例如:He has been in the League for three years. 或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了 9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。 Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别 has gone to:去了没回 has been to :去过 has been in:呆了很久