用动词的适当形式填空. 1. Can you please_____ (tell) me the way to the post office?2. Do you mind my _____ (open) the window?3. Each student _____ (have) a -七年级英语
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题文
用动词的适当形式填空.
1. Can you please _____ (tell) me the way to the post office? 2. Do you mind my _____ (open) the window? 3. Each student _____ (have) a computer. 4. Thank you for _____ (come) to the show. 5. What about _____ (play) football now?
题型:填空题 难度:中档
答案
1. tell 2. opening 3. has 4. coming 5. playing
据专家权威分析,试题“用动词的适当形式填空. 1. Can you please_____ (tell) me the..”主要考查你对 动名词,实义动词,一般现在时,主谓一致 等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
动名词的结构和形式: 动名词的否定结构: 动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如: Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。 He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。 I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。 (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式) There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)
动名词复合结构: 通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。 (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如: Do you think my going there will be of any help? 你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语) The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French. 这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语) Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语) They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there. 他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语) (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如: Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗? Is there any hope of our team winning the match ? 我们对赢得比赛有希望吗? (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式): (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如: We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。 His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。 但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如: I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。 On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。 Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。 Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。 (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。 We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。 (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如: I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。 The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。 He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。
动名词与现在分词的关系: 动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是: 它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。 例如: Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful . (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。 She hates speaking in the public. (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。
动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较: ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作; 而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。 ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态; 而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。
动名词的用法: 一、动名词作主语 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。 注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如: There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如: No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟) No parking. (禁止停车) 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构 (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。 动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如: Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
二、动名词作宾语 1.作动词的宾语 某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有: admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。 Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 2.作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活? 3.作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
三、动名词作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。 表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。 (Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
四、动名词作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如: a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
实意动词使用方法: 及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如: I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。 “How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?” Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。 Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。
不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如: Birds fly.鸟会飞。 It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况 a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较: Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词) When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词) They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词) b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如: Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
英汉实意动词用法比较: 与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况: a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如: We arrived at the railway station at noon. 我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去) (比较:We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest. 每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去) (比较:We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly. 我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务 用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。
一般现在时的具体用法: 1. 表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。 e.g. I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning. 2. 表示客观事实和普遍真理。 e.g. The earth moves around the sun. 3. 表示现在发生的具体动作或存在的状态 e.g. He lives in Beijing now. 4. 习惯性的爱好或行为 e.g. I like dancing while she likes singing. 5. 表示预先计划或安排好的行为。 e.g. Our class begins at 7:45. 6. 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。 e.g. If you come, we will wait for you. 7. 表示格言或警句中。 e.g. Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 8.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态。 e.g. I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 9.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。 10.小说故事用一般现在时代替一般过去时。新闻报道类的内容,为了体现其“新鲜”性,也用一般现在时来表示过去发生的事情。 11.有些表示状态和感觉的动词表示现在发生的具体行为时,只用一般现在时,而不用进行时态。 注意★:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
一般现在时与现在进行时的区别: 一、两种时态的主要含义: 一般现在时 1.表示事物的本质特性或客观存在,没有时限性。 The table ____ soft。(feels) 表特性特征。 Japan ___ in the east of China。 (lives) 表客观事实 2.现阶段经常性、习惯性的行为,可带频率时间。 The shop closes at 7:30 p.m. Father doesn’t smoke. (习惯) 3.表说话时的状态,感觉或结果,一般用状态动词,如: It doesn’t matter. Does it hurt? (感觉结果) 4.特殊用法: -在条件、时间、让步从句中用现在时代替将来。 -If you go there,I’ll help you. —用在begin,come,go,leave,return,open,close 等短暂谓语动词表规定计划。 The plane takes off at 11:30. (不受主观支配的计划) -在剧本、解说、标题或there(here)开头的句中表进行 There goes the bell/Here comes Mr.Wang. I declare the meeting opens.(正在宣布) He meets the ball and hits back to No.2 (正在发生)
现在进行时 1.说话时正在发生,进行的动作 Look! Dark clouds are gathering . (正在发生) 2.表现阶段正在进行,但此刻不一定正在进行的事。 He usually gets up at 6:00,but this week he is getting up at 7:00. (现阶段正在进行,但说话时不一定在起床) 3.现在进行时的特殊意义 -表示主观打算常用于 go,come,leave,start,begin 等,位移、趋向动词。 How long are you staying here (准备停留) -表示眼前刚过去的语意即“话音刚落”,适用于tell,say,talk,discuss You don’t believe it You know I’m telling the truth. -表示安慰、关心、喜欢、讨厌等感情色彩。 He is always making noises in class. (讨厌) -在条件、时间、让步状语从句中表示将来正在进行。 Don’t bother him if he is reading this time tomorrow.
二、严格区分进行时与一般时的语义 1. 持续动词的一般时表持续情况,经常性,习惯性行为或客观存在的事实,进行时表暂时性或有限时刻的持续。 2.短暂动词的一般时叙述事实,特征,能力而短暂动作进行时描述反复发生,即将发生或刚开始行为。 3.短暂动词和静态动词一般时表示实际情况客观状态、结果、特征、特性,进行时表未完成含开始或渐进之意。 The bus stops. (车停了-事实) The bus is stopping. (渐渐停下来) I love the job. (静态事实) I am loving the job. ( 渐渐爱上了) 4.come,go,leave,start,return,move,reach,sail,fall 等一般时态表客观规定计划,进行时表主观打算推测。 Flight 254 leaves at 5:30. (表主观打算) The plane is taking off an hour later.(主观判断) 5.现在进行时带always,often,usually,sometimes,等频率副词表感情色彩,一般现在时则没有此用法。
一般现在时的句子转换: (1)当句子中有be动词或情态动词时,则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句. 例: ①陈述句:She is a student. 疑问句→ Is she a student? 否定句→ She is not a student. ②陈述句:I can swim. 疑问句→ Can you swim 否定句→ I can not swim.
(2)当句子中即没有be动词,也没有情态动词时,则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数),does(单数she,he,it)变成问句; 在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t(I,you,以及复数), doesn’t(单数she,he,it)变成否定句,助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。 例: ①陈述句:We get up at 7:00 every morning. 疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning? 否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning. ②陈述句:She has a little brother. 疑问句→ Does she have a little brother? 否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother.
一般现在时的表达方法: 主要通过谓语动词的变化和用时间词语来表示,其中最主要的是谓语动词的变化。现在一般时动词变化的规则是: 1.如果主语是名词复数和第一人称I、 we ,谓语动词不用做任何变化,即仍然用动词原形表示: We usually go to school at 7:30. 我们通常7:30上学去。[go] My parents give ten yuan to my sister every week.我父母每星期给我妹妹十元钱。[give]
特殊变化的词: be (是) - am,is,are I am she/he/it,名词单数都用 is we,you,they,名词复数都用are have (有) - have,has I,we,you,they,名词复数都用have she/he/it is,名词单数都用 has
助动词,不论单复数、不论什么人称都没有变化,都用 can,may,must,need,ought to 等。 而且,句子中有了助动词,谓语动词就不需要有任何变化了,即用动词原形表示。例: We have six classes every day. 我们每天上六节课。 I often get up at 6:30. 我经常6:30起床。 Jack likes Chinese food very much.杰克很喜欢中国饮食。 We can see some pictures on the wall. 我们能看到墙上的画。
4.一般现在时常用的时间词语 常用于一般现在时的词语有 sometimes/usually/often/every day(week,year)/ now/always 等。 这些时间词语只是辅助作用,这些词语也可用于其它的时态,所以谓语动词变化才是最关键的。 注意:当表现强烈的感情色彩时,尽管有如 always/never/seldom 等频率副词,但一般在频率副词前加上be动词,后面变为动词的现在分词形式。 例:My father lose his key again. He is always losing his key.
主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 (1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 (2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如: with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to, 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。 The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 (3)非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词 (动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意:当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。 What we need here are workers.我们这里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral.说谎与偷窃是不道德的。 (4)each和复合不定代词作主语 each和some/any/no//every十body/one/thing构成的复合不定代词: anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Each is worse than the one before. 一个比一个差。 Nobody knows the answer. 没有一个人知道这答案。 Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。 Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么东西吗? There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。 (5)“many a +单数名词”作主语 “many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多学生去过北京。 There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不只有一个答案。 (6)“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the等限定词和修饰语 “one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only,the very,the等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man. 汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.他是这三年来唯一的一个获得奖学金的学生。 注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。 Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。 (7)由两个部分组成的物体名词作主语 英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如g1asses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀),shorts(短裤),shoes(鞋子),trousers(裤子)等作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼镜碎了,因而看不清楚。 His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是棉布的。 注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时,则以这些名词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。 Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。 This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。
2、意义上的一致 意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数; 若主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词用复数。 The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。 The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在调查此事。 使意义上的一致的情况 (1)由and连接两个并列主语 其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个人、同一事物、单一概念时,谓语动词要用单数,有时两个名词共用一个冠词。 The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词) There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯?哈利的记者兼作家。 Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上策。 注意:用and连接起来的两个单数主语,谓语动词可以是单数,也可以是复数。 Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。 Time and tide wait/waits for no man .岁月不等人。 (2)形复意单的名词作主语 ①复数形式的专有名词(表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等)做主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数。 The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。 The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜谭》是流传世界各地的名著。 The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。 注意:表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,谓语也用复数。 The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。 Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。 The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。 There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。 ②以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语,通常表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有: physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。 Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政治课。 Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和用财之道。 注意:当这些动词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时,谓语动词需用复数形式。 What are his politics?他的政见如何? The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对现代各国政府都重要。 ③news,maths,plastics,physics,works,means(方法),the United States等虽然以-s结尾,但意义上作为单数看待。 “News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集团军司令说:” 随着我们军队的推进胜利的消息接踵而至。” Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us. 数学/物理是我们必修的科目。 Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了,但天空还是不晴朗的。 ④成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。 Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油是西方人每天的食品。 His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无限感觉,无限忠于党。 ⑤“one and a half +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数。 One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在桌子上。 One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。 注意:“one or two+复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。 One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两天就足够了。 There are one or two things I want to talk over with you .我有一两件事想跟你商量。 (3)有生命的集体名词作主语 有生命的集体名词 (如people,police,cattle,militia)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。 Cattle are also kept. 还养了一些牛。 There are many people there. 那里有很多人。 The police are looking for the thief. 公安人员在搜寻那个小偷。 All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。 注意:family,team,class,government,audience,crew,committee等集体名词,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式; 如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族”解时,作单数用。 Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.张家很大,一共12口人。 The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。 My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。 The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。 The class has won the honour. 这个班获得了荣誉。 The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。 (4) 名词化的形容词作主语 名词化的形容词作主语,按照意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。 如果指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式,如果指一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。 这类形容词有:old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。 The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不开心的时候。 The wounded is a policeman. 受伤者是一名警察。 The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。 (5) 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。 Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我们离开学校已经20年了。 Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大笔钱。 Two months is quite a long time. 两个月时间是很长的。 Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我们做这个实验两个小时就够了。 Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一个相当远的距离。 注意:如果说话人侧重一个个的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。 Twenty years have passed since we parted.自从我们分手以后20年己经过去了。 (6)“a number of十复数可数名词”与“the number of十复数可数名词”作主语 “a number of十复数可数名词”表示 “一些、许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数; “the number of十复数可数名词”表示 “……的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数。 The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 邀请来的人数是50,但很多人因不同的原因没来。 A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆丢了许多书。 The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。 (7)none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词作主语 none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词时,有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据说话人的意思决定。 None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他们没有一个到达新住宅区。 None of them have arrived yet. 他们都还没到。 (8)“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语 “分数/百分数+of短语”作主语,这时要以of短语中的名词是否为复数而定。 Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.该地区五分之二的土地为树木和草所覆盖。 89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸烟者是男性。 In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国,75%的谷物用来喂养动物。 Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。 Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反对核计划。 (9)表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语 表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数,应根据后接名词的单、复数形式而定。 这些名间或代词有all,any,enough,half,more,most,the rest,part,some等。 The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不难上。 The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。 Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分时间用来读书。 Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。 Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。 Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些苹果散落在地上。 (10)两个主语,一个肯定,一个否定,谓语动词与肯定主语相一致。 The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子,而是他的双亲。
3、邻近原则 邻近原则是指谓语动词要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持人称与数的一致。 Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是学生。 There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支钢笔,两把椅子和一张桌子。 这主要有以下几种情况。 (1)由or,either…or等连接的并列结构作主语 由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语,通常按照就近一致原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。 Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校长在会议上对这些天才的学生颁奖。 Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都没有做完试验。 Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友们错了,就是他哥哥错了。 Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。 Not only the teacher but also his students have studied the question. 不仅老师而且他的学生们都研究了这个问题。 (2)在主谓倒装句时 在主谓倒装句中,主语并列,谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语相一致。由here或there引导的句子,若有并列主语,谓语也与最靠近的那个主语一致。 There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌、一张饭桌和3把椅子。 There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房间里有3把椅子、一张书桌和一台电脑。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在时妻子和孩子呆在哪儿?
"表里不一"现象: 主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象 和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下 1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花. 2,"many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如: Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树. 3,"half of,the rest of,most of,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如: Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖. 4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如: "All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利 5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如: What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书. 6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔. 7,当主语后面有as well as,with,along with,together with,but,like,rather than,except,逗号加and连接几个名字等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如: My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京. 8,each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如: They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车. 9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯. 10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如: The following are good examples下面是一些好例子. 11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news,works,plastics等同属此类.例如: Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课. 当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时,用作复数,如:mathematics(运算能力)politics(政治观点)economics(经济意义)等 12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers,glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如: The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适. 还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数:arms(武器).clothes.contents.minites(记录).remains(遗体).thanks等 13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如: One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果. 14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如: One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙. 15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,"the one of + 复数名词+定语从句"定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一. 16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如: One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.
以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致: 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。 它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困难,以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。 (一)以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (二)以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (三)以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (四)以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (五)其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 集合名词的主谓一致原则: 集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类. 1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如: a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等。 这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数; 复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 【例如】 A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning. 每个上午 一大群人经常聚集在广场上 The government has decided to pass the bill. 政府已决定通过这一法案 There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. 星期天有大群大群的人在街上。 There are many English-speaking peoples in the world. 在世界上有许多讲英语的人 但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中. 2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数。 这类名词常见的有:humanity,mankind,proletariat等. 【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress. 3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police,cattle,faculty,flock,machinery,vermin,personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数. 【例如】The police have caught the murder. Our personnel are very highly trained. The vermin are very dangerous. 4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大. 【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent. The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park. The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid. 这类集合名词常见的有:class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience等. 根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词; 若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词。 试比较:The football team is playing well. 那个足球队打得非常漂亮. The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点。 The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。 That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。