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句型转换1. The new car cost my father a lot of money.(改为同义句)My fathera lot of moneythe new car. 2. Guests in this restaurant in Paris are served by blin-九年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-01-10 00:00:00  互联网

题文

句型转换
1. The new car cost my father a lot of money.(改为同义句)
My father        a lot of money               the new car.
2. Guests in this restaurant in Paris are served by blind   waiters.(改为主动语态) 
                      guests in this restaurant in  Paris.
3. The foreigner can ride a bike,too.(改为否定句)  
The foreigner                     a bike,        .
4. The magazines were taken into the reading room before it began to rain.(对画线部分提问)  
              the magazines       into the reading  room?(改为主动语态)
题型:句型转换  难度:中档

答案

1. spent ; in buying    2. Blind waiters serve    3. can not ride ; either    4. When were ; taken    

据专家权威分析,试题“句型转换1. The new car cost my father a lot of money.(改为..”主要考查你对  一般过去时,副词,实义动词,情态动词,动名词  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

一般过去时副词实义动词情态动词动名词

考点名称:一般过去时

  • 一般过去时:
    表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
    基本结构:
    主语+动词过去式+其他;
    否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
    一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。

  • 一般过去时句法结构:
    肯定形式
    主语+动词过去式+其他
    例句:She often came to help us in those days.
    否定形式
    ①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
    例句:I didn't know you like coffee
    一般疑问句
    ①Did+主语+do+其他? ②Was\Were+主语+表语?
    例句:Did I do that?
    用表格整理如下:
    肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式
    Iworked Did I work? I did not work Did I not work?
    He(She,It) worked Did he(she,it) work? He(she,it) did not work Did he(she,it) notwork?
    We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work?
    You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work?
    They worked Did they work? They did not work Did they not work?
    记忆口诀:
    一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
    动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
    否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
    一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
    特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
    最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

    一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:

    构成

    举例

    一般情况

    词尾+ed

    动词原形

    过去式和过去分词

    look
    talk

    looked
    talked

    以不发音字母e结尾

    词尾+d

    like
    arrive

    liked
    arrived

    以“辅以字母+y”结尾

    变y为i,再加ed

    fly
    study

    flied
    studied

    以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母

    双写词尾+ed

    stop
    plan

    stopped
    planned 


    结构句型:

    1.一般句子
    I watched TV last night.
    2.一般疑问句
    Did you watch TV last night?
    3.there be 句型
    There was an apple on the table last night.
    Was there an apple on the table last night

  • 一般过去时注意事项:
    1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
    如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
    He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
    I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
    I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

    2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
    I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
    I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
    I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
    Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

    3.used to
    used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
    I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
    I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)

  • 一般过去式用法:
    (1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
    一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
    句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
    I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
    He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

    (2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
    yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
    (句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
    Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
    Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
    When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
    I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
    Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
    I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
    I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

    (3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
    yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
    once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
    When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
    Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
    Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
    注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

    (4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
    The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
    那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

    (5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
    Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
    (只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
    比较:
    Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
    (说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
    Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
    (表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
    I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
    (不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

    (6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
    He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
    (意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
    I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
    (意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
    比较:
    I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
    (只是说明过去这一动作)

    (7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
    I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
    (因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
    I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
    (这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)

  • 一般过去时三变技巧:
    一变:肯定句变为否定句
    技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
    I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
    技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
    I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
    技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
    The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

    二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
    技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
    He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
    技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
    Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

    三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
    技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
    They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
    技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
    The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?

考点名称:副词

  • 副词:
    是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
    副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
    副词连用顺序:程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

  • 副词分类:
    1、时间副词有三类:always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词
    1)表示发生时间的副词:
    It’s beginning to rain now!  现在开始下雨了!
    2)表示频繁程度的副词,也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后,实之前义动词:
    She often changes her mind.  她常改变主意。
    3)还有一些其他表示时间的副词:
     He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
    2、地点副词:
    1)有不少表示地点的副词:
    She is studying abroad.  她在国外留学。
    2)还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形,跟宾语的是介词,否则是副词:
    ①用作介词:Stand up!  起立!
    ②用作副词:A cat climbed up the tree.  猫爬上了树。
    3)以where 构成的副词也是地点副词: 
    It’s the same everywhere.  到处都一样。
    3、方式副词:
    carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
    4、程度副词:
    much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
    5、疑问副词:
    how, when, where, why.
    6、关系副词:
    when, where, why.等。
    7、 连接副词:
    therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

    副词的语法作用:
    副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语,定语。
    He works hard. (作状语)
    他工作努力。
    You speak English very well. (作状语)
    你英语讲的相当好。
    Is she in ? (作表语)
    她在家吗?
    Let's be out. (作表语)
    让我们出去吧。
    Food here is hardly to get. (here作定语,hardly作状语)
    这儿很难弄到食物。
    Let him out!(作补语)
    让他出去!
    修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
    a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

  • 不同类型副词的用法比较:
    方式副词:
    1)英语中有大量方式副词,说明行为方式(回答how的问题):
    How beautifully your wife dances.  你夫人舞跳的真美。
    2)还有相当多的副词,表示某些情绪:
    She smiled gratefully.  她感激的笑了笑。
    3)还有一些以-ly结尾的副词,表示动作发生的状况:
    He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

    程度副词和强调副词 :
    1)程度副词可修饰动词,表示“到某种程度”:   Is she badly hurt?  她伤得重吗?
      [说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外,还可修饰形容词(a)或另一副词(b):
    a. fairly simple 相当简单      quite correct 完全正确
    b. wonderfully well 好极了    do it very quickly 干得很快
    2)much 是一个特殊的程度副词,它可以:
    a. 修饰形容词等:
    I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
     b. 修饰比较级:
    You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
    Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

    疑问副词和连接副词:
    1)疑问副词:疑问副词用来引导特殊问句:
    how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗?
    where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人?
    when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来?
    why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚?
    2)连接副词:连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样,但都引导从句或与不定式连用:
    how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗?
    where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。(引导宾语从句)
    when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。(引导宾语从句)
    why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。(引导表语从句)

    一些其它类型的副词,如表示方向的副词:
    Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
    Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

  • 副词的位置:
    1、实义动词前,be动词、情态动词之后。
    I am also Bush.
    I can also do that.
    I also want to play that games.
    I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
    He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
    She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
    The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
    We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
    They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
    He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
    I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

    2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
    It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
    He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
    It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
    It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了,我得告诉我的朋友。
    It's much better. 好多了。

    3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
    I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
    I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
    我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
    You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
    He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
    We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
    The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

    4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
    When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
    Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
    First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
    How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱?
    Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
    The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。

    5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
    We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
    昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
    What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
    昨天下午你在教室里干什么?
    The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
    一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

    6、否定副词在句首,句子要倒装,如:
    Never have I felt so excited!

  • 兼有两种形式的副词:
    1) close与closely
    close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地"
    He is sitting close to me.
    Watch him closely.

    2) late 与lately
    late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
    You have come too late.
    What have you been doing lately?

    3) deep与deeply
    deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
    Even father was deeply moved by the film.

    4) high与highly
    high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much
    The plane was flying high.
    I think highly of your opinion.

    5) wide与widely
    wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
    He opened the door wide.
    English is widely used in the world.

    6) free与freely
    free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
    You may speak freely; say what you like.
    副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态,而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

考点名称:实义动词

  • 实意动词:
    即行为动词,表示动作的动词。实义动词与系动词是相对的,能独立用作谓语。
    它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种:
    及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;
    不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词。

  • 实意动词使用方法:
    及物动词
    后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:
    I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
    “How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”
    Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。
    Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。

    不及物动词
    本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:
    Birds fly.鸟会飞。
    It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。
    My watch stopped.我的表停了。
    She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

    兼作及物动词和不及物动词
    英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况
    a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
    Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
    She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
    When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词)
    They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)
    b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:
    Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
    Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

  • 英汉实意动词用法比较:
    与汉语的比较,有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:
    a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
    We arrived at the railway station at noon.
    我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)
    (比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
    Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.
    每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)
    (比较:We all heard the lecture.)
    Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

    b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。
    Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.
    我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
    用于be动词之后,实义动词之前。

  •  实意动词的用法:
    肯定句:
    主语+动词过去式+其它
    否定句:
    主语+助动词didn‘t+动词原型+其他
    一般过去式:
    Did+主语+动词原型+其他

考点名称:情态动词

  • 情态动词:
    是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪、态度或与语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
    无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 “not”。
    个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气, 时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
    情态动词有四类:    
    ①只做情态动词:must, can(could),may(might)……    
    ②可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need, dare   
    ③具有情态动词特征:have(had, has) to, used to    
    ④情态动词表猜测
    注:mustn't代表强烈禁止 must表示主观,have to表示客观。
    常用的有:can  may  could  must   have  use  .

  • 情态动词特点:
    情态动词无人称和数的变化,情态动词后面跟的动词须用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。
    个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。
    He could be here soon.他很快就来。
    We can't carry the heavy box.我们搬不动那箱子。
    I'm sorry I can't help you.对不起,我帮不上你。

    基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是:
    基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:
    What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)
    I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
    You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)

    除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:
    1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:
    We used to grow beautiful roses.我们过去常常种这种漂亮的玫瑰花
    I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我问他是否来修我的电视机
    2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一:
    They need not have been punished so severely.
    3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:
    She dare not say what she thinks.
    4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词:
    Still,she needn't have run away.
    5)情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:
    Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
    She told him he ought not to have done it.
    6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:
    You should have washed the wound.
    Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.
    7)情态动词must一般疑问句否定回答用needn't
    Must I read books every day、
    No,you needn't

  • 常见情态动词用法:
    1.can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。
    2.Must 必须,应该,一定,准是,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,命令,要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。
    must 用来指一般现在时和一般将来时, 过去式可用 have to 的过去式代替。
    must + have + 过去分词,表示现在对过去事物的推测。
    must 和 have to 的区别:must 表示说话人的主观思想,have to 表示客观需要。
    3.need 是一个情态动词,他的用法完全和其他情态动词一样,但 need 还可当作实义动词使用,这时 need 就象其他动词一样,有第三人称,单复数, 后面加带 to 的动词等特性。
    needn't + have + 过去分词 表示过去做了没必要做的事情。
    4.dare 除用作情态动词外,更多的是当实义动词使用, 用法同实义动词一样,要考虑人称,单复数,时态等。
    5.ought 应当,应该。后面跟带有 to 的动词不定式。
    ought + to have done 句型。指过去动作,表示一件事情该做而未做。
    ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不该做的事情却做了。
    6.will (would)决心,愿望。 would 为 will 的过去式,
    will, would用于疑问句表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问,用 would 比 will 更婉转,客气。
    7.Shall、should 表示命令,警告,允诺,征求,劝告,建议,惊奇。
    8.have to,不得不,必须,表示客观条件只能如此,而must 则表示主观思想。

  • 情态动词功能:
    助动词主要有两类:基本助动词和情态助动词。
    基本助动词有三个:do,have和be;
    情态助动词基本的有十四个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.had better 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:
    1) 构成否定式:
    He didn't go and neither did she.
    The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.
    2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:
    Must you leave right now?
    You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?
    3) 构成修辞倒装:
    Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
    Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
    4) 代替限定动词词组:
    A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
    B: Tom can.
    A: Shall I write to him?
    B: Yes, do.

    情态动词表推测的用法小结   
    (一)情态动词表推测的三种句式    
    1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),may(可能),might /can, could(也许,或许)。   
    (1)He must/may/might know the answer to this question?    
              他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。   
    (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.   
              屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。    
    2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not (可能不)。   
    (1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.  这不可能是校长,他去美国了。   
    (2)He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。   
    3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。    
     (1)Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗?    
     (2)Can he be at home now?  他现在能在家吗?   
    注:以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。Might, could并非may, can的过去式,而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。   

    (二)情态动词表推测的三种时态   
    1. 对将来情况的推测,用“情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
    (1)She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.  5: 00 前她一定/可能/也许到。    
    (2)She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.   
               她一定/可能/也许会在山里一连走好几英里而遇不到一个人。   
    2. 对现在或一般情况的推测,用“情态动词 + be”,“情态动词 +be doing”或 “情态动词 + 动词原形”。    
    (1)He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now. 他一定/可能/也许正在听收音机。   
    (2)He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time. 这个时候他不可能/可能不在家。   
    (3)Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony ?   
              布什先生一向准时,这次开幕式他怎么可能迟到呢?    
    3.对过去情况的推测,用“情态动词 + have +过去分词”。   
    (1)It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.  地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。   
    (2)The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home . 门锁着,他不可能/可能不在家。   
    (3)Can / Could he have gotten the book? 难道他找到书了吗?    
    注:情态动词 should /ought to表推测时,意为“想必会,理应……”但与“have +过去 分词”连用时,则又可构成虚拟语气意为“本应该做某事却没做”。 
    例如:   
    (4)It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.   
         现在七点钟了,杰克理应随时到达。(推测)   
    (5)She should / ought to have attended your birthday party, but she had to look  after her mother in hospital. (虚拟)   
    她本该出席你的生日晚会的,可是她得在医院照顾她妈妈。   
    (6)Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret, but he meant no harm.   (虚拟)   
    汤姆本不该告诉我你的秘密,可是他并无恶意。

考点名称:动名词

  • 动名词:
    如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词,那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。
    它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。
    由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。
    动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

  • 动名词的结构和形式:
    动名词的否定结构:
    动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。如:
    Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。
    He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。
    I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before. 很抱歉,没有早给你打电话。
    He felt sorry for not having done the work well. 他为没有把工作做好感到难过。
    I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going. 我看不去对你倒好了。
    (not going 是动名词一般式的否定形式)
    There is no denying the fact that he si diligent.
    (no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定)

    动名词复合结构:
    通常情况下,动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不失谓语动的主语时,则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词就构成了动名词的复合结构,这种结构在句中可以作主语,宾语等。
    (1)逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通个或人称代词宾格。如:
    Do you think my going there will be of any help?
    你看我去会有什么帮助吗?(宾语)
    The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.
    这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。(主语)
    Do you mind my(me) smoking ? 你介意我抽烟吗?(宾语)
    They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.
    他们坚持要玛丽跟他们一起去那儿。(介词宾语)
    (2)逻辑主语是无生命名词是,通常只用名词普通格。如:
    Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?
    你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗?
    Is there any hope of our team winning the match ?
    我们对赢得比赛有希望吗?
    (3) 逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时,只用普通格。如:
    She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.
    她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。

    动名词的形式(一般式,完成式和被动式):
    (1) 动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
    We are very interested in collecting stamps. 我们对集邮很感兴趣。
    His coming will be of great help to us . 他来对我们大有帮助。
    但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on,upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
    I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永远不会忘记第一次看到长城的情景。
    On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help crying. 一听到这个糟糕的消息,母亲就禁不住哭了起来。
    Excuse me for coming late. 我来晚了,请原谅。
    Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
    (2) 动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
    He regrets not having taken part in the work. 他后悔没有参加这项工作。
    We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。
    (3)动名词的被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时,用被动语态。如:
    I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。
    She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。
    The meeting was put off without his having been consulted. 会议延期并未和他商量。
    He doesn’t mind having been criticized. 他不介意过去受到的批评。

  • 动名词与现在分词的关系:
    动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同,都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中,这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。
    这两种形式的另一个相同之处是:
    它们都是由动词变化而成的,它们都保留了动词的某些特征,它们都能带自己的宾语、状语,而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。
    例如:
    Speaking in the public,he will surely be very cheerful .
    (现在分词短语,作状语)他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。
    She hates speaking in the public.
    (动名词短语,作宾语)她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。

    动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:
    ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:
    My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换)
    ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:
    The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.
    2.动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:
    动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质、状态或动作等。试比较:
    ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit
    前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;
    而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming,动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。
    ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car
    前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;
    而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。

  • 动名词用法口诀:
    动名词常泛指,句法作用宾/表/定与主,时态/语态之形式,一般/完成/被动式。
    Being done 系被动,不含任何进行意。用作主语请留意,常用it作形式主语,不指未来发生事,表达的信息系已知。
    用作表语请记清,作用相当一名词,检验方法很简单,主与表换位能成立。
    用作定语也易辩,表示名词之用途。
    用作宾语稍复杂,关键留意谓语动词(跟动名词作宾语的常用动词附后),时态同谓动作比较,先于谓动用完成式,其逻辑主语不固定,在句中/句外均有之。
    否定式其前加not,复合式其前加物主词,非句首宾格词也可用,尤其口语中更如此。
    说明:1、主-----主语 2、宾-----宾语 3、表------表语 4、定------定语 5、谓动---谓语动词

    动名词的用法:
    一、动名词作主语 
    1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如:   
         Swimming is a good sport in summer.   
    2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。   
    动名词做主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:
    It is no use telling him not to worry.   
    常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。   
    注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。   
    3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如:   
    There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。    
    4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:   
    No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟)   
    No parking. (禁止停车)   
    5. 动名词的复合结构作主语   
    当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构
    (这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
    动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如:    
    Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.   

    二、动名词作宾语
    1.作动词的宾语   
    某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:
    admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
    They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。 
    I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。   
    Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations.   
    每当马克违反交通规则时,他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。    
    2.作介词的宾语   
    We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。   
    Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活?   
    3.作形容词的宾语   
    The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。   
    We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

    三、动名词作表语
    动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
    表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。   
    Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
    (Cleaning the windows is your task.)   
    What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
    (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

    四、动名词作定语
    动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如:   
    a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking   
    a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing    
    a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading   
    a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring   
    sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

  • 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。
    动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。
    时态、语态 主动 被动
    一般式 writing being  written
    完成式
    having written
    having been written

  • 动名词使用注意事项:
    1) 动名词做主语时,谓语动词为单数
    2) 在动名词和不定式中,作为介词的宾语是动名词
    3) 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语
    例:I would appreciate you calling back this afternoon.
    4) 有些词后只能接动名词
    acknowledge;admit; advise;advocate;allow;appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny;
    detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help;
    hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent;
    recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...
    5) 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法
    it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no;
    there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point
    6) 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
    remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式,但意义截然不容。
    例:remember to do/doing:
    ①I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来将要做的动作)
    ②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.(我记得做过这个动作)
     forget与remember的用法类似。
     regret的用法:
    ①I regret to inform you that…(我很遗憾地通知你……)
    ②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.(为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。)
     try to(努力)与try +–ing(试验):
    ①You really must try to overcome your shyness.
    ②Try practicing five hours a day.



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