句型转换。1. I have been to the Great Wall. (改为一般疑问句)______ you ______ to the Great Wall? 2. Qingdao has a square. Its name is"May Fourth Square".-八年级英语
[db:作者] 2020-01-10 00:00:00 零零社区
题文
句型转换。
1. I have been to the Great Wall. (改为一般疑问句) ______ you ______ to the Great Wall? 2. Qingdao has a square. Its name is"May Fourth Square". (合并为一句) Qingdao has a square ______"May Fourth Square". 3. You will find Chinese food easily in Singapore. (改为同义句) You won't ______ ______ ______ finding Chinese food in Singapore. 4. The population of this city is 15 million. (就划线部分提问) ______ ______ ______ of this city? 5. Many animals only wake up at night. (改为同义句) ______ ______ ______ animals only wake up at night.
题型:句型转换 难度:中档
答案
1. Have; been 2. named/called 3. have any problem/trouble/difficulty 4. What's the population 5. A lot of
据专家权威分析,试题“句型转换。1. I have been to the Great Wall. (改为一般疑问句..”主要考查你对 现在完成时,名词,不定代词,疑问代词,形容词,系动词 等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
现在完成时名词不定代词疑问代词形容词系动词
考点名称:现在完成时
现在完成时: 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 基本结构:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词 句式: 1. 否定句式:现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+过去分词...”。 如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。 2. 一般疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词...? 如: —Have you finished the work?你已经做完这项工作了吗? —Yes, I have. 是的,我已经做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我还没有做完。) 3. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词...?如: How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去过长城几次? 提示:肯定句中有some, already时,改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如: I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。 → I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句) → Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑问句) 现在完成时常见两种句型: ①for短语 ②It is+一段时间+ since从句
现在完成时特点: 1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用,若要用时间段状语,则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。 例如: He has left. He has been away for an hour. 2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地,但现在不在那;have/has gone to表示现在已去某地,现在不在这。 例如: He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company. Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai. 3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet,但若already用于疑问句时,表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。 例如:Have you read it already?
现在完成时和一般过去时区别: 现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。 但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等, 而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。 比较: I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到) I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明)
have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别: have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称; have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称, 前者可与once ,never,several times等连用,后者则不能。 如: They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。 现在完成时注意事项: 1.如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如: It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如: I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
现在完成时的用法: 1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如: -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。 常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如: He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教) I have't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。 3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”。 常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京
4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如: now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如: already(肯定),yet(否定,疑问),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?
6.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如: He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此: 该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。 例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 7.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。 例如: He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。 (动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。 (动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。 例如: I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。 如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 8.一段时间+has passed+since从句 主语+have / has been+since短语 例如:He has been in the League for three years. 或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了 9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。 Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。 I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。 has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别 has gone to:去了没回 has been to :去过 has been in:呆了很久
二.容易混淆的名词 1.work/job ① work是不可数名词,有体力或脑力劳动的意思,又有作为职业概念的“工作”的意思。 ② job作为“工作”解,其实有两层含义:一个是“干活”的“活”或“零工”;一个作为职业的“事”,是可数名词。 job意思是a piece of work,指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作,实际含义是“职业”, 而work通常指抽象意义上的工作,是不可数名词,也可指“工作场所”。如: I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
2. wish / hope ① wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb. to do sth.),而hope不可以这样用。例如: I wish you to be happy.我希望你快乐。 ② hope和wish都可以跟从句。hope之后的从句的谓语动词用一般将来时或一般现在时,所表达的愿望可以实现; wish之后的从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气(以后学),表达的愿望无法实现。例如: I hope you like the flowers.我希望你喜欢这些花。 I wish I were a bird.我希望我是一只小鸟。(虚拟语气) ③hope和wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope/wish to do sth.)。wish比较正式,口气比较强烈; 而用hope所表达的愿望容易实现。例如: I hope (wish) to go to college.我希望上大学。 ④wish可接双宾语表示“祝愿、祝福”等,但hope却没有这种用法。例如: I wish you success.我祝愿你成功。
3.silly/stupid/foolish 三个词都含有“蠢”的意思,但略有不同。 stupid所表达的程度最强,指智力、理解力和学习能力差; silly指头脑简单、傻头傻脑,使人觉得可笑,带有一定的感情色彩; foolish是普通用语,尤其是在口语中广泛使用。如: He is stupid in learning math. 他学数学很笨。 Stop asking such silly questions. 别再问这样傻的问题了。 You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丢掉这么好的一个机会。<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
4.instead/instead of
instead/instead of
instead是副词,一般放在句首或句末。 而instead of 是介词短语,表示“代替”时, 含有“对比”的意思,其后常跟名词、代词或v-ing形式。如:
Jack didn’t study law. Instead, he decided to become an actor.
杰克没有学法律,而是决定作一名演员。
If you can’t go to the meeting, I can go instead.
如果你不去开会, 我可以(代替你)去。
Could I have tuna instead of ham?
我能否要金枪鱼而不是火腿?
Miss Wang is ill. I’ll teach you instead of her.
王老师病了,我代替她给你们上课。
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
我们走着下楼梯而没有乘电梯。
5.frightened/afraid/terrible
frightened/afraid/terrible
① frightened是由过去分词转化的形容词,常指突如其来的震惊,可用very修饰,在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
The old man smiled before he replied to my question.
老人在回答我的问题前笑了笑。
I cannot answer you now. 我现在不能回答你。
How shall I answer? 我该怎样回答?
值得注意的是,answer可引申为“应答”之类的意义,这时不能用reply来代替。如:
answer the door (门铃响了)去开门
answer the telephone 接电话
名词的语法功能: 名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 1.主语:The bagis in the desk.书包在桌子里边。 2.宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3.表语:This is a good book. 这是一本好书。 4.宾语补足语We selected him our monitor.我们选他为我们的班长。 5.介词宾语Mary lives with her parents.玛丽和她的父母住在一起。 6.定语:She is a Partymember. 她是一位党员。
英语名词特殊用法: 1.family指“家庭”时,强调全体;指“家里人”时强调个体,与住房无关 home指“家”,表示同一家庭共同生活的地方,具有感情色彩 Kate has left home for school.可作副词也可作名词,意思是“在家” house指“住宅”、“住房”The Greens live in a big house.
2.man总称“人”、“人类”,用单数 people泛指“人们”,表示复数概念:People often work in the day. 指“人”的个体,但只表示复数概念:There are five people in my family. 前面加定冠词指“人民”,表示复数概念:Let’s work for the people. 指“民族”时,有单、复数之分:The Chinese people is a hardworking people. person强调“人”的个体,有单、复数之分:There are five persons in my family.
3.police总称“警察”,表示复数概念: policeman强调“警察”的个体,有单、复数之分:My father is a policeman.
4.universe指“宇宙万物”,强调物质概念: When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and many other stars. space指“太空”、“宇宙空间”,强调空间概念: Many countries have sent up the satellites into space. “空间”、“余地”、“空地”:There is no space on the bus.
不定代词用法例举: ①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词:some, someone, somebody, something 例如:They can speak some Japanese. ②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词:any, anyone, anybody, anything 例如:Is there anyone at home? ③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词:no, no one, nobody, nothing 例如:I have no watch. There is nothing wrong with the machine. ④不定代词one指代可数名词,既可指人,亦可指物,它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数 名词,指代复数名词时可以用ones。 例如:I do not have a pen, can you lend me one? I like small cars better than large ones. ⑤none通常只用作名词,在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何(人或物)”,既可指人,亦可指物。 none后常跟of短语,其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。 例如:None of them knows the answer to the question. ⑥both, all both指两个人、物或群体; all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。 例如:My parents are both teachers. All of my friends are football fans. ⑦every, each each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个别; every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。 例如:Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人) Every student went to the park.(学生至少三人) ⑧other, the other, others, the others, another other具有名词和形容词性质,既可指人,亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。 不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词,表示“其他的,别的”,不可单独使用。 例如:Do you have any other questions? the other作形容词或代词,特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。 例如:The bookshop is on the other side of the street. others相当于“other+名词”,泛指“别的人或物”,只有名词性用法。 例如:Some are planting trees, others are watering them. the others相当于“the other+名词”,表示“剩下的,其余的”,特指除此之外的全部 人或物。 例如:There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese. another作形容词或代词,泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。 例如:This pen is too expensive, please show me another. ⑨either, neither either指“两者中的任何一个”;neither指“两者中无一”,具有否定意义。 例如:You can take either half. Neither of the books is good. ⑩many, much, most many和much具有名词和形容词的性质,都表示“许多、大量”。 Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词,many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。 例如:Many boys like playing soccer. We have much homework to do every day. Most students think so. (11)few, a few, little, a little a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。 A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词,a little指代或修饰不可数名词。 Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”,具有否定意义。 例如:He has a few friends here. Hurry up! There is little time left.
不定代词的用法: 不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 位置 不定代词+形容词 不定代词+to do 作主语 Both of them are teachers.他们两人都是教师。 作宾语 I know nothing about this person.我对这个人一无所知。 作表语 This book is too much for a child.这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。 作定语 There is a little water in the glass.玻璃杯里有一些水。 作状语 I can't find my book anywhere.我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。 修饰不定代词的词,一般情况下要后置。
考点名称:疑问代词
疑问代词: 疑问代词在句中起名词的作用,用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有: what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有词性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。 what, which, whose还可作限定词。 Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的? What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的? What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国? 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: 指 人: who, whom, whose 指 物: what 既可指人又可指物: which
疑问代词说明: 一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如: Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘? What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
二、Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如: Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语) Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首) To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如: For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体) What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)
四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如: I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。 Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗? Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you. 你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
疑问代词用法: 1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的: Who is calling? 谁打电话来? Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话? 作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom,在口语中用who作宾语时也不少: Who did you mean? 你指的是谁? Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁? 直接跟在介词后时只能用whom: With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的? (口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)
2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作: 1)主语: What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写? Whose is better? 谁的好一些? Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的? 2)宾语: What do you mean? 你是什么意思? Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些? Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的? 3)表语: What’s her name? 她叫什么名字? Whose is it? 这是谁的? 4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词): What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开? Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房? Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照?
考点名称:形容词
形容词: 简称adj.或a,形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏与否,形容词在句中作定语,表语,宾语补足语。 她是一个好学生,她学习努力。She is a good student, and she works hard. 这辆自行车很贵。This bike is expensive. 对不起,我现在很忙。I am sorry, I'm busy now. 你为这次会议做好准备了吗? Have you got everything ready for the meeting?
形容词的语法功能: 一、作定语 He is the greatest writer alive.他是依然健在的伟大的作家。 Somewone else has done it.别人已经做了这事。 二、作补语 形容词做主语补足语和宾语补足语时,可以表示其现状、状态,也可以表示某一动作的结果,并常用在表示“认为,看待”的动词如believe,prove,consider等候。例如: The news made her sad.这消息使他感到非常悲伤。 Don't marry young.不要早婚。 三、作状语 形容词或形容词短语可作状语,形容词作状语时,可以看作是“being+形容词”结构的省略,可表示时间、原因、条件、方式、强调或伴随状况等意义。例如: Enthusiastic,they are co-operative.热心的时候他们是很合作的。 Rich or poor, young or old, we all have problems.不管是穷人还是富人,不管是年轻人还是老人,我们都有问题。 四、做表语 The ship was adrift on unknown seas.那艘船在陌生的海域漂流。 五、做主语 Old and young joined the discussion. Rich or poor meant the same to him.作感叹语 Very good!Say it again. Stupid!He must be crasy.
形容词的几个特殊用法: most 同形容词连用而不用 the, 表示 " 极,很,非常, 十分"。 It's most dangerous to be here. 在这儿太危险。 I cannot do it, it's most difficult. 我干不了这件事,太难了。
"The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级..." 表示 " 越... 就越..."。 The more you study, the more you know. 你学的越多, 就知道的越多。 The more I have, the more I want. 我越有就越想要有。 The more, the better. 越多越好。
" 形容词比较级 + and + 形容词比较级 ", 表示 " 越来越... "。 It's getting hotter and hotter. 天气越来越热了. It's pity he is getting poorer and poorer. 真可怜他越来越穷了。 The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 计算机越来越便宜。 The more and more people focus on the meeting next year. 越来越多的人关注明年的会议。
主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。 This box is as big as mine. 这个盒子和我的一样大。 This coat is as cheap as that one. 这件衣服同那件衣服一样便宜。 I study English as hard as my brother. 我同我兄弟一样学习努力。
the + 形容词 表示某种人。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。 I like to have a talk with the young. 我喜欢同年轻人谈话。 The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察领老人横过马路。
以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,brotherly,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly 结尾的词既为形容词,也为副词。 daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
too+adj.+to句型 “太…而不能” He is too young to go to school. =He isn’t old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school.
形容词的位置: 1.形容词一般放在名词前作定语? 单个形容词修饰名词时,一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。例如:? a red flower一朵红花? an interesting story一个有趣的故事? six blind men 六个盲人? my own house我自己的房子? 如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定,越密切的形容词越靠近名词。 如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面,音节多的形容词放在后面。 2.当形容词所修饰的词是由some,any,every,no等构成的不定代词时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? She has something new to tell me.?她有一些新的情况告诉我。? I have nothing important to do today.?今天我没有重要的工作要做。? Do you know anybody else here??这儿你还有认识的人吗?? 3.形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:? It is a problem difficult to work out.?这是一道难以解决的问题。? Edison is a student difficult to teach.?爱迪生是个很难教的学生。? This is a kind of flowers easy to grow.?这是一种易栽的花。? 4.用 and 或 or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面。起进一步解释的作用。例如:? All people,young or old,should be strict with themselves.? 所有的人,无论老少,都应该严格要求自己。? We are building a new school, modern and super.? 我们正在建一所现代化的高档次的新型学校。? All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. 所有的国家,无论穷富都应该互相帮助。? 5.有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可以置于它所修饰的名词之后。例如:? Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare?你有足够的时间做准备吗?? Maybe it will be a possible chance(chance possible)for you.或许它将成为一次可能的机遇。 6.有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同。例如:? the writer present 出席的作者? the present writer 现在的作者? 7.表示长,宽,高,深,及年龄的形容词,应放在相应的名词之后。 This river is about 100 metres wide. The building is more than 50 metres tall. He is less than 40 years old. 8. enough修饰名词时,在名词前后都可以。 They said that they had enough food.= They said that they had food enough. enough 修饰形容词和副词,位于其后。 He is old enough to join the army. He isn’t old enough to go to school. 9.形容词else通常放在疑问代词,疑问副词或不定代词后 what/who/where/when/when else something/anything/nothing…else What else did you do? Do you have anything else to say? 10.由两个或两个以上的词组成的形容词词组修饰名词时须放在名词之后。 This is the book easy to read. 这是一本容易读的书。
形容词知识拓展: 名词化的形容词: 有些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,这时,它相当于一个名词,可作主语或宾语; 表示一类人时,看作复数,表示一类事物时,通常看作单数。 Robin Hooh(罗宾汉) hated the rich and loved the poor. The old are taken good care of in American. the+形容词,常见的短语有: the old/the young/the sick/the white/ the black/the rich/the poor/the dead(死者)
复合形容词的类型: (1)名词+过去分词 man-made satellite 人造卫星 (2)形容词+现在分词 a good-looking man (3)形容词+名词 second-hand cars (4)数词+名词-ed three-legged chairs三条腿的椅子 (5)数词+名词 400- metre race (6)副词+现在分词 hard-working students (7)副词+过去分词 well-known writers (8)形容词+形容词 a dark-red jacket (9)形容词+过去分词 ready-made clothes 成品服装
含有形容词的常用句型: (1) It’s+adj. of sb. to do sth. (good/ kind/nice/polite/clever/foolish… ) It’s very kind of you to help me. (2) It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. (difficult/easy/hard/dangerous/usefulinteresting/important…) It’s important for us to learn English well. (3)下列形容词后常跟动词不定式 表示情感或情绪的形容词:glad,pleased,sorry,sad,afraid,thankful… I'm glad to see you. 表示能力,意志或推测的形容词:ready,able,sure,certain… I’m sorry to hear that.
某些现在分词和过去分词可作形容词 the moving story 令人感动的故事 a moved boy 一个被感动的男孩 a frightened child 一个被吓到的孩子 a frightening film 一个恐怖电影
系动词的分类: 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique. (这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。 注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)
The chef is tasting the fish carefully. (厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。 注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。)
系动词用法点拨: 1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。 一般地说,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。 但是在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途: 一是表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如: He is being kind.(一时而不能持久的性质)他装出和蔼可亲的样子。 二是表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如: I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)我希望你保持健康。 Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)你感觉好了些吗? 试比较: Your hand feels cold.(无意识的静态性质。)你的手摸起来冰凉。 不可以说: Your hand is feeling cold.(×) 但可以说: The doctor is feeling her pulse.(有意识的动态动作)医生正在给她拿脉。 The soup tastes good.(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错。 The cook is tasting the soup.(动态动作,有进行时)厨师在尝汤的味道。
总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。 我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。 例如smell的用法可见一斑。 ①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can, could, be able to连用。 The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。 ②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。 The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。 ③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。 The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。
2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。 某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。例如: He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。 Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。 The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。
3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。 英语中某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态,二者不可混为一谈。例如: 不能说: The apple is tasted good. (因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态) 但我们可以说: The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。 (taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态) 因此,在平时的英语教学和学习之 ,要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分、识别。
4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如: ①不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years. 应改为:He has been a teacher for 2 years. ②不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago. 应改为:He has been a writer since 3 years ago. 或It is three years since he turned writer. ③不能说:He got angry until his child came back home. 应改为:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5.系动词能接几种表语(从句) 系动词除了接adj.\n.\prep.短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式: ①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:look(看起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),feel(觉得);appear(显得),seem(似乎)。例如: It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。 He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales. 他看来好像刚从我的童话故事中走出来似的。 She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there. 看来她好像不能理解为什么劳拉呆在那儿。 It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere. 我好像听到某处水龙头流水的声音。 She felt as if her head were splitting. 她仿佛觉得她的头要裂开了。 The river appeared as if enveloped in smog. 那条河好像笼罩在烟雾之中。 It seems as if it were spring already. 好像已是春天了。 ②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如: It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work. 好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。 It appeared that he was talking to himself. 好像他在自言自语。 ③能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow. Her job is to look after the children. 她的工作是照料孩子们。 He seems not to look after the children. 他好像不是她的父亲。 She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old. 她看起来像是一个20岁的年轻姑娘。 He didn’t appear to dislike it. 看不出他憎恨此事。 My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议证明是错误的。 He will grow to like this work gradually. 他会逐渐喜欢这个工作的。 ④能与there连用的系动词有:be, appear, seem. There appeared to be only one room. 那儿好像只有一个房间。 There seems(to be)no need to go. 似乎没有必要走。
6.能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem, appear. 举例说明: It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.= It seems that we can’t get our money back. He seems not to be her father.= He doesn’t seem to be her father. The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.
7.后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构 能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个:第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等);第二个是get,口语中常用。 当二者作系动词用时,它们均表示一种存在状态,而不表示被动动作;当二者作助动词用时,后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。 Be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替,但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。Get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况: 1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。 Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到) The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。(表突发性) 2)表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。 John got injured while playing football last Saturday.约翰上周星期六踢足球时受了伤。 They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。 另外,要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。