过去完成时基本用法: (1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。 可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。 By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 (3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。 I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。 (4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时 She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。 (5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 (6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的, 那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。 She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 (7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。 We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。 (8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。
过去完成时与现在完成时的区别: 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。 比较:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 — I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。 — Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
过去完成时与一般过去时的区别: 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点: 1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。 比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。 She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
语法判定: 一、由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: (1) by + 过去的时间点。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. (2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + 过去的时间点。如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
二、由“过去的过去”来判定 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: (1)宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. (2)状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如: After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如: After he closed the door, he left the classroom. (3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
另外,在两者的形式也有所差异,有的过去式和过去分词一样 ,有的不一样 . 比如: begin began begun 就不一样 teach taught taught 就一样 用的时候一定要分清
过去分词结构: 1. 过去分词独立结构 过去分词有时可有其独立主语,二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中,常用作状语,用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如: He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随) This done,we went home. 做完此事,我们就回家了。(表时间) All our savings gone,the couple started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了,这对夫妻就开始找工作。(表原因) That point settled,the speaker went on to the next one. 那个问题讲完了,演讲人继续讲下一个问题。(表时间) 2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构 With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan. 每件事都考虑到了,我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。 With different methods used,different results are obtained. 采用不同的方法,得到不同的结果。 She went angrily away without a word spoken. 她一个字也没说,就生气地走了。 3. 过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语 (1) 过去分词(短语)在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语,这些词语有: have 让,使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得 see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现 feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使 want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意 observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态 如: The work left him exhausted. 这个活使得他筋疲力尽。 The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn. 看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。 The tenant found the house renovated. 房客看到房子已整修过了。 It’s better to leave some things unsaid. 有些事倒是不说的好。 I don’t want my name linked with him. 我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。 The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately. 当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。 (2)过去分词(短语)在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语,表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如: I had my car repaired 我把我的车修好了。(别人修的) I had my hair cut 我理发了。(别人给我理的) We must get the television set repaired 我们必须把电视机修好。(被别人修) He had his window broken to pieces. 他的窗户给打破了。(被他人打破)
初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表: (1)AAA型(动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形) cost(花费)cost cost cut(割) cut cut spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英) hit(打) hit hit hurt 伤害) hurt hurt let(让) let let put(放) put put read (读)read read
(2) AAB型(动词原形与过去式同形) beat(跳动) beat beaten
(3) ABA型(动词原形与过去分词同形) become(变成) became become awake awoke awoken come(来) came come run(跑) ran run
(4) ABB型(过去式与过去分词同形) dig(挖) dug dug build built built get(得到) got got/gotten catch caught caught hang(吊死) hanged hanged deal dealt dealt hang(悬挂) hung hung feed fed fed hold(抓住) held held find found found shine(照耀) shone shone sit(坐) sat sat pay paid paid win (赢) won won send sent sent meet(遇见) met met shoot shot shot keep (保持) kept kept tell told told sleep(睡) slept slept win won won sweep(扫) swept swept feel(感觉) felt felt smell(闻) smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled leave(离开) left left build(建设) built built lend(借出) lent lent send (传送) sent sent spend(花费) spent spent lose (丢失) lost lost burn (燃烧) burnt burnt learn(学习) learnt learnt mean(意思是) meant meant catch(抓住) caught caught teach(教) taught taught bring(带来) brought brought fight (战斗) fought fought buy(买) bought bought think(想) thought thought hear (听见) heard heard sell(卖) sold sold tell(告诉) told told say(说) said said find(找到) found found have/has(有) had had make(制造) made made stand(站) stood stood understand明白understood understood
(5) ABC型(动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形) begin(开始) began begun take(取) took taken drink(喝) drank drunk mistake(弄错) mistook mistaken ring(铃响) rang rung ride(骑) rode ridden sing (唱) sang sung do(做) did done swim(游泳) swam swum write(写) wrote written blow(吹) blew blown go(去)went gone draw (画) drew drawn lie(平躺) lay lain fly(飞) flew flown see(看见) saw seen grow(生长) grew grown wear (穿) wore worn know(知道) knew known be ( am, is, are )(是)was, were been throw(投掷) threw thrown show(出示) showed shown break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen forget(忘记) forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/born speak(说,讲) spoke spoken draw drew drawn wake(醒) woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed drive(驾驶) drove driven hide hid hidden eat(吃) ate eaten lay laid laid 放置 fall(落下) fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎 give(给) gave given lie lay lain 躺 rise(升高) rose risen see saw seen shake shook shaken steal stole stolen can----could may---might will---would shall---should must----must