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句型转换.1. The box is so big that he can't carry it.The box is_____ big _____ him _____ carry.2. Joho said to Mary, "Could you pass me the sugar?" John-九年级英语

[db:作者]  2020-02-28 00:00:00  互联网

题文

句型转换.
1. The box is so big that he can't carry it.
    The box is _____ big _____ him _____ carry.
2. Joho said to Mary, "Could you pass me the sugar?"
    John _____ Mary _____ she could pass_____ the sugar.
3. The speaker raised his voice in order that the listeners in the back row could hear him.
    The speaker raised his voice _____ _____ the listeners in the back row could hear him.
4. He didn't have breakfast and went to school.
    He went to school _____ _____.
5. She said, "I have waited for nearly two hours." 
    She said that _____ _____ waited for nearly two hours.
题型:句型转换  难度:中档

答案

1. too; for; to   2. asked; if; him   3. so that   4. without breakfast     5. she had

据专家权威分析,试题“句型转换.1. The box is so big that he can't carry it.The..”主要考查你对  介词,人称代词,一般过去时,从属连词,直接引语,间接引语  等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:

介词人称代词一般过去时从属连词直接引语,间接引语

考点名称:介词

  • 介词:
    是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
    介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。

  • 介词的分类:
    (1)表示时间,处所:从 自 自从 于 打 到 往 在 当 朝 向 顺着 沿着 随着
    (2)表示方式:按 照 按照 依 依照 本着 经过 通过 根据 以 凭
    (3)表示目的:为 为了 为着
    (4)表示原因:因 由于 因为
    (5)表示对象,范围:对 对于 把 向 跟 与 同 给 关于
    (6)表示排除:除 除了 除去 除非
    (7)表示被动:被 叫 让 给
    (8)表示比较:比 和 同
    上述介词中的“着,了,过”是语素,不是动态助词。

  • 介词at, in, on的区别: 
    1. 表示时间,注意以下用法:
    (1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如:
    I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。
    He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。
    (2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如:
    We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。
    He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。
    (3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如:
    He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。

    2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法:
    (1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如:
    We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。
    The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。
    与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如:
    at my sister’s 在我姐姐家  at the doctor’s 在医务室
    (2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如:
    What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么?
    He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。
    但有时两者可换用。如:
    The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。
    (3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如:
    in Shanghai 在上海    at the station 在车站
    但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如:
    Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。
    We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。
    (4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如:
    What’s on the table? 桌上有什么?
    There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。
    注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如:
    He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。

    3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关:
    in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上
    in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上
    in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队
    at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末
    at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末
    4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关:
    in bed / on the bed 在床上
    in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上

    介词besides,but,except的用法区别:
     1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”;
    而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如:
    Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
    Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
    注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如:
    No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。

    2. 关于 but 与 except:
    (1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别:
    but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较:
    All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。
    All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。
    (2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后:
    ① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
    ② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
    ③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
    ④ all, none 等
    ⑤ who, what, where 等
    Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。
    I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。
    No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。
    一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较:
    正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。
    误:The window is never opened but in summer.
    (3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首:
    除我之外每个人都累了。
    正:Everyone is tired but (except) me.
    正:Everyone but (except) me is tired.
    误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
    注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思:
    正:Except for me, everyone is tired.

    3. 关于 except 与 except for:
    except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如:
    All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。
    His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。
    注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。

    4. 关于 except for 与 but for:
    except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如:
    Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。
    But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。
    But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。
    5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如:
    I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。
    This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。

  • 介词的用法口诀:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

    早、午、晚要用inat黎明、午夜、点与分。

    年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in

    将来时态in。。。以后,小处at大处in

    有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in

    特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in

    介词atto表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。

    日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,

    收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、着论。

    着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。

    特定时日和“一……就”,on后常接动名词。

    年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前onin

    步行、驴、马、玩笑oncabcarriage则用in

    at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。

    工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。

    就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。

    海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类knowtoman

    thisthattomorrowyesterdaynextlastone

    接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。

    overunder正上下,abovebelow则不然,

    若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。‘

    beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。

    besidesexcept分内外,among之内along沿。

    同类比较except,加for异类记心间。

    原状becauseof,、owingtodueto表语形容词

    under后接修、建中,offrom物、化分。

    beforeafter表一点,agolater表一段。

    before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

    since以来during间,since时态多变换。

    与之相比beside,除了lastbutone

    复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

    快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。

    butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

    ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

    之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。

    into外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。

考点名称:人称代词

  • 人称代词:
    人称代词是用来表示人的代词,有单数和复数之分,有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,也可作动词或介词的宾语。  
    主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主语
    宾格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作宾语
    He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。
    Can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?

  • 人称代词在句中的作用:
    1)主格作主语。如:
    I am Chinese.我是中国人。
    2)宾格作宾语,放在及物动词或介词之后,有时还可以在口语中用作表语。如:
    ①I don't know her.我不认识她。(动词宾语)
    ②What's wrong with it?它怎么了?(介词宾语)
    ③-Open the door,please.
    3)作表语
    作表语一般用主格, 但在口语中也常用宾格
    I saw at once it was her.我一下子看到了她。
    It's me.请开门,是我。(表语)
    4)作同位语
    作同位语是用宾格
    We ,us ,there,will be able to fulfill the task.我们三人就能完成这项任务。

  • 主宾格的替换:
    一、宾格代替主格
    a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not后,多用宾语。
      ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
      ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
      ---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
      ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
    b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
      He is taller than I/me.
      He is taller than I am.

    二、主格代替宾格
    a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
    b.在电话用语中常用主格。
      ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
      ---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
    注意:在动词be或to be后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
      I thought it was she. 我以为是她。 (主格----主格)
      I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
      I was taken to be she. 我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
    They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

  • 人称代词用法:
    一、人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,往往用在动词或介词后面。
    例:1.Listen to me,Dad.
    2.Peter is sitting behind me.
    3.Let me got here now.
    4.Give me an orange,please.

    二、you既是"你"或"你们"的主格,又是它们的宾格;her既是"她"的所有格,又是它的宾格。我们可以根据它们在句子中的位置来判断它们属于主格、所有格还是宾格。

    三、and是一个我们常用来连接两个词的连接词。它虽然与介词with有同样的意思,但它的前后可以是人称代词的主语,也可以是人称代词的宾格,而with只能跟人称代词的宾格。
    如:You and I are going to school.
      You are going to school with me.

    四、第三人称代词单数:er,sie,es 及 复数 sie 可指代人或物以及其它抽象概念等。此时,它们的性,数,格要与被指代的名词一致。

    人称代词用法口诀:

    人称代词分主/宾,只有八对要区分。
    你(们)、它主/宾同一形,其余主/宾须分清。
    谓语之前主格填,动/介之后宾格跟,
    口语运用最灵活,表语也可用宾格。
    人称代词并列现,注意顺序礼貌见,
    二一、三一、二三一,第一人称最谦虚,
    若把错误责任担,第一人称须当先。
    动前主格动后宾,名前形容介后宾;
    如果名词含在内,选用名物代就行。

    人称代词并列用法的排列顺序:
    1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
    第二人称→第三人称→第一人称
    即:you and I;he/she/itandI;you,he/she/it and I
    2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
    第一人称→第二人称→第三人称
    即:we and you;you and they;we,you and they

  • 人称代词的变格形式

    人称

    单数

    复数

    主格

    宾格

    主格

    宾格

    第一人称

    I

    me

    we

    us

    第二人称

    you

    you

    you

    you

    第三人称

    he
    she
    it

    him
    her
    it

    they 

    them

  • 人称代词的形式:
    在一般现在时中,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式,即常在动词原形后加-s或-es  
    一、人称代词he,she,it是第三人称单数。如: 
    He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。 
    She has lunch at twelve. 她十二点吃午餐。 
    It looks like a cat. 它看起来像只猫。 

    二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语;是第三人称单数。如: 
    ①Han Mei looks like her mother. 韩梅看起来像她的母亲。 
    ②Beijing is in China. 北京在中国。 
    ③Uncle Wang often makes cakes. 王叔叔经常做蛋糕。 

    三、单数可数名词或"this / that / the+单数可数名词"作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
    ①A horse is a useful animal. 马是有用的动物。 
    ②This book is yours. 这本书是你的。 
    ③That car is red. 那辆小汽车是红色的。 ④The cat is Lucy's. 这只猫是露茜的。 

    四、不定代词someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something等及指示代词this,that作主语时,是第三人称单数。如: 
    ①Everyone is here. 大家到齐了。 
    ②There is something wrong with the watch. 这块手表有毛病。 
    ③This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 
    ④That is an eraser. 那是一块橡皮擦。 

    五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。如: 
    ①The milk is in the glass. 牛奶在玻璃杯里。 
    ②The bread is very small. 那面包很小。 

    六、当数字或字母作主语时,看作第三人称单数。如: 
    ①"6" is a lucky number. "6"是个吉利数字。 
    ②"I" is a letter. "I"是个字母。

考点名称:一般过去时

  • 一般过去时:
    表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
    基本结构:
    主语+动词过去式+其他;
    否定形式①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词;
    一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他。

  • 一般过去时句法结构:
    肯定形式
    主语+动词过去式+其他
    例句:She often came to help us in those days.
    否定形式
    ①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
    例句:I didn't know you like coffee
    一般疑问句
    ①Did+主语+do+其他? ②Was\Were+主语+表语?
    例句:Did I do that?
    用表格整理如下:
    肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式
    Iworked Did I work? I did not work Did I not work?
    He(She,It) worked Did he(she,it) work? He(she,it) did not work Did he(she,it) notwork?
    We worked Did we work? We did not work Did we not work?
    You worked Did you work? You did not work Did you not work?
    They worked Did they work? They did not work Did they not work?
    记忆口诀:
    一般过去时并不难,过去动作、状态记心间。
    动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
    否定句很简单,didn't 站在动原前,其它部分不要变。
    一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
    特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
    最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记!

    一般过去时中动词过去式变化规则:

    构成

    举例

    一般情况

    词尾+ed

    动词原形

    过去式和过去分词

    look
    talk

    looked
    talked

    以不发音字母e结尾

    词尾+d

    like
    arrive

    liked
    arrived

    以“辅以字母+y”结尾

    变y为i,再加ed

    fly
    study

    flied
    studied

    以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母

    双写词尾+ed

    stop
    plan

    stopped
    planned 


    结构句型:

    1.一般句子
    I watched TV last night.
    2.一般疑问句
    Did you watch TV last night?
    3.there be 句型
    There was an apple on the table last night.
    Was there an apple on the table last night

  • 一般过去时注意事项:
    1.注意主句与从句中时态的一致性
    如果主句用了过去时,从句中一般也要用过去式,或者过去进行时、过去完成时等。例如:
    He believed that he was right. 他相信自己是对的。
    I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。
    I thought they were with you. 我以为他们和你在一起。

    2.在口语中, 一般过去时并不一定指真正的过去,而只是表示一种礼貌性语气。例如:
    I wondered (wonder) if you could do me a favor. 不知你可否帮我一个忙。
    I wanted (want) to ask if I could borrow your car. 我想问问可否借用你的车。
    I hoped (hope) you could (can) give me some advice. 我希望你能帮我出点主意。
    Did (Do) you want to see me? 你想见我吗?

    3.used to
    used to 是一个词组,表示“过去曾经是……而现在已经停止了”的动作。例如:
    I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。(而现在不这样了)
    I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(而现在不在早晨散步了)

  • 一般过去式用法:
    (1)一般过去时表示在过去某个特定时间发生,也可以表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作。
    一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响,只说明过去的事情。
    句式:主语+动词过去式+宾语+其它
    I had a word with Julia this morning.今天早晨,我跟茱莉雅说了几句话。
    He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子,抽烟抽得可凶了。

    (2) 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从句连用,如:
    yesterday,last week ,in  the  past ,in 1993,at that time,once,during the war,before,a few days ago,when 等等.
    (句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时,取决于动作是否对现在有影响)。
    Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗?(你现在不饿吗?)
    Yes,I have. 是的,我已经吃过了。(已经吃饱了,不想再吃了。)
    When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的?(关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。)
    I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。)
    Used to do something 表示过去常做而现在已经停止了的习惯动作。
    I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去常常一天干十四个小时。
    I ate it at 6:45。我在六点四十五分吃了。

    (3)带有确定的过去时间状语时,要用过去时。如:
    yesterday(昨天)、two days ago…(两天前…… )、last year…(去年…)、the other day(前几天)、
    once upon a time(很久以前)、 just now(刚才)、in the old days(过去的日子里)、before liberation(解放前…)、
    When I was 8 years old(当我八岁时…)、at+一个时间点
    Did you have a party the other day?前几天,你们开了晚会了吗?
    Lei Feng was a good soldier.雷锋是个好战士。
    注:在谈到已死去的人的情况时,多用过去时。

    (4)表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时。这种情况下,往往没有表示过去的时间状语,而通过上下文来表示。
    The boy opened his eyes for a moment,looked at the captain,and then died.
    那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿,看看船长,然后就去世了。

    (5)表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。常与always,never等连用。
    Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
    (只是说明她过去的动作,不表明她现在是否常带着伞。)
    比较:
    Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。
    (说明这是她的习惯,表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
    Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella.彼得太太 总是带着一把伞。
    (表示说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
    I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。
    (不涉及到现在,不说明现在是否喝酒)

    (6)如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用 used to do(过去常常做,而现在不那样做了)
    He used to drink alcohol.他过去喝酒。
    (意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
    I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。
    (意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
    比较:
    I took a walk in the morning.我曾经在早晨散过步。
    (只是说明过去这一动作)

    (7)有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时。
    I didn''t know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。
    (因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.)
    I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。
    (这句话应是在说话之前,我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病)

  • 一般过去时三变技巧:
    一变:肯定句变为否定句
    技巧1.当句中含有情态动词或助动词could,would,should等时,可直接在其后面加not构成否定句。例如:
    I could get you a concert ticket. → I could not / couldn't get you a concert ticket.
    技巧2.当句中含有系动词was,were 时,可直接在其后加not构成否定句。例如:
    I was on the Internet when you called me. → I was not / wasn't on the Internet when you called me.
    技巧3.当句中谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在该动词之前加did not / didn't,动词还原,构成否定句。例如:
    The famous singer sang some Chinese songs. → The famous singer did not / didn't sing any Chinese songs.

    二变:陈述句变为一般疑问句
    技巧1.移动词语的位置。将was,were, could,would,should等移到句首。例如:
    He could pack his things himself. → Could he pack his things himself?
    技巧2.添加助动词did。谓语是除情态动词、助动词、系动词was, were以外的动词时,在主语之前加did,动词还原。例如:
    Mr Li looked very old. → Did Mr Li look very old?

    三变:陈述句变为特殊疑问句
    技巧1.确定疑问词:人who / whom,物what,地点where,时间when / what time,原因why,频率how often,长度how long,距离how far等等。例如:
    They gave the concert last night. → When did they give the concert?
    技巧2.辨认结构形式:疑问词+情态动词/助动词/ was / were / did +主语+...? 例如:
    The accident happened near the station. → Where did the accident happen?

考点名称:从属连词

  • 从属连词:
    这种连词是用以引导名词性从句定语从句和状语从句的,由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。

  • 从属连词可分为三大类:
    1、that (无词义,不做成分)
    if,whether (表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分)
    2、连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever, whoever, whichever(有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语)
    3、连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far,however,whenever,wherever (有词义,作从句的状语)

    用法:
    从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类:并列连词和从属连词。

    并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句。例如:
    (1) Air and water are indispensable to me.   
    (2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.   
    (3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.   

    从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句。例如:   
    (4) He said that he did not want to go .   
    (5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.   
    (6) You may come if you want to.   

    从属连词用来连接各种从句。
    until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的。
    如动词是持续行动词,它要用肯定句,如:
    I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.
    如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:
    He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.
    由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句。
    since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:
    I have studied English since 1990.
    而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:
    I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.

  • 从属连词语法分类:
    种类 语法作用 连词举例 
    从属连词 引导原因状语从句 Because, since
    引导条件状语从句 If, unless, as long as
    引导目的状语从句 So that
    引导结果状语从句 So…that
    引导方式状语从句 As, just as, as if
    引导让步状语从句 Though, although, even
    though, no matter what,
    however, no matter how,
    whoever, no matter who,
    wherever, no matter where
    引导比较状语从句 As…as, not so…as, than,
    less…than, the more…the
    more
    引导名词性从句 Who, whom, whose, which,
    that, when, where, why

考点名称:直接引语,间接引语

  • 直接引语和间接引语:
    引用别人的话有两种方式,一种是讲述别人的原话,并把它放在引号里,这叫直接引语;
    另一种是用自己的话来转述别人,并且不能用引号,这就是间接引语。直接引语和间接引语之间可以互相转换。

  • 直接引语和间接引语关系:
    直接引语:直接引述别人的话(句子中有“”)。
    间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,叫“间接引语”(句子中一般无“”) 
    间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:
    人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
    1.直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that 引导。例如:
    She said, "I am very happy to help you."→She said that she was very happy to help you.
    2. 直接引语是一般(选择/反意)疑问句,变成间接引语时,由连词whether或if 引导。例如:
    He asked me, "Do you like playing football?"→He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.
    注意:大多数情况下,if和whether 可以互换,但后有or not,或在动词不定式前,或放在介词后作连接词时,一般只用whether。例如:
    She asked me whether he could do it or not.
    He hesitated about whether to drive or take the train.
    3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who, whom, whose, how, when, why, where 等引导。例如:
    My sister asked me, "How do you like the film?"→My sister asked me how I liked the film.
    4. 直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式,并在动词不定前加tell, ask, order 等的宾语。例如:
    The captain ordered, "Be quiet."→The captain ordered us to be quiet.
    注意:此种情况的否定句,在动词不定式前加not。
    My teacher asked me, "Don't laugh."→My teacher asked me not to laugh.

     一些注意事项:
    (1)如果直接引语是表示客观真理时,变为间接引语,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
    The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
    →The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
    (2)如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语,变为间接引语时,一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如:
    He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
    →He told me that he was born in 1973.

    (3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效,变为间接宾语时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
    He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."
    →He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.

    (4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作,
    在变为间接引时,一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如:
    The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
    →The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

    (5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,
    在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:
    He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
    →He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

    (6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,
    在变为间接引语时,这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如:
    The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
    →The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
    He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
    →He said that he could swim when he was only six.
     
    (7)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如:
    He asked Lucy, "Where did you go?"→He asked Lucy where she went.
    Tom said, "What do you want, Ann?"→Tom asked Ann what she wanted.

  • 直接引语变间接引语:
    A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
    1.连词
    若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为间接时,要用连词 that (可以省略)
    ……………….一般疑问句,…….,要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
    ……………….特殊疑问句,…….,要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身(不可省)
    2.变化
    (1)主句动词的变化
    一般说来,主句谓语动词常为said或said to,变为间接引语时,当直接引语是陈述句时,said不变。
    当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时,则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
    (2)从句人称的变化
    由直接引语变间接引语时,从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。
    ①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。
    ②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。
    ③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时,人称不变。例如:
    ①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
    ②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
    ③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
    (3)、从句动词时态的变化
    a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。
    ①一般现在时→一般过去时;
    ②一般过去时→过去完成时;
    ③现在进行时→过去进行时;
    ④现在完成时→过去完成时;
    ⑤过去完成时→过去完成时(不变);
    ⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如:
    The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
    b. 直接引语变为间接引语时,如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时,则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如:
    He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework.
    She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
    c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理,变为间接引语时,从句时态不变。例如:
    The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
    (4)、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
    直接引语变为间接引语时,指示代词的变化为this→that, these→those等;
    时间状语的变化为now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等;
    地点状语的变化为here→there;动词的变化为come→go(go 不要变come)。例如:
    1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening.
    2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.

    B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth
    当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth
    当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth
    当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth



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