介词at, in, on的区别: 1. 表示时间,注意以下用法: (1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如: I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。 He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。 (2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如: We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。 He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。 (3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如: He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。
2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法: (1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如: We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。 The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。 与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如: at my sister’s 在我姐姐家 at the doctor’s 在医务室 (2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如: What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么? He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。 但有时两者可换用。如: The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。 (3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如: in Shanghai 在上海 at the station 在车站 但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如: Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。 We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。 (4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如: What’s on the table? 桌上有什么? There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。 注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如: He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。
3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关: in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上 in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上 in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队 at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末 at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末 4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关: in bed / on the bed 在床上 in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上
介词besides,but,except的用法区别: 1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”; 而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如: Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。 Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。 注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如: No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
2. 关于 but 与 except: (1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别: but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较: All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。 All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。 (2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后: ① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等 ② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等 ③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等 ④ all, none 等 ⑤ who, what, where 等 Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。 I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。 No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。 一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较: 正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。 误:The window is never opened but in summer. (3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首: 除我之外每个人都累了。 正:Everyone is tired but (except) me. 正:Everyone but (except) me is tired. 误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired. 注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思: 正:Except for me, everyone is tired.
3. 关于 except 与 except for: except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如: All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。 His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。 注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
4. 关于 except for 与 but for: except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如: Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。 But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。 But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。 5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如: I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。 This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。
定语从句的分类: 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去; 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 1.由that引导的定语从句 一般情况下that可指人或物,可以代替who,whom和which,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语,但不能作介词的宾语。如: The comrade that(who)is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker. 正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。 Is this the doctor that(whom)you talked about yesterday? 这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗? The letter that(which)I received yesterday was from my father. 昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。 2.由who,whom和whose引导的定语从句 who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语,whose在从句中作定语。如: This is the thief who stole my bike.这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。 He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那个男孩。 The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。 3.由which引导的定语从句 which指物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如: The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”. 妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。 The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum. 鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。 4.由where,when和why引导的定语从句 where在从句中作地点状语,when在从句中作时间状语,why在从句中作原因状语。如: I will never forget the day when I joined the League.我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。 He will go back to the school where he studied next week.下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。 I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin.我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。 [注意点] 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时,关系代词常省去。如: The play(which)I watched just now had been on twice on Channel 我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。
限定性定语从句: 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物; 它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。 而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
关系代词的用法 : 1. 关系代词的句法功能 (1)关系代词在句中作主语 例如:I prefer music that/which has great lyrics (2) 关系代词在句中作宾语 例如:I like music that I can sing along with. (3)关系代词在句中作表语 例如:The house is not the one (that) it used to be. 2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语 例如:Is she the teacher whose hair is very short? 3. 关系代词的用法 (1)who和whom的用法:二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语, whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语,而who则不能。 例如: I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party in the shopping center yesterday. (2)whose的用法:一般指人,有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。 例如:I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics. (3)which的用法:一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。 例如:The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min. (4)that的用法:指人或物,指人时可与who、whom互换,指物时可与that互换。 在从句中可作主语、宾语,还可作表语。 例如:It is a book (that/which) no one really likes. 4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况 (1)先行词是指人的不定代词时 例如:Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions. (2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语 例如:The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother. 5. 在以下情况中,关系代词常用that (1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时,只能用that。 例如:There is nothing that will stop us making progress. (2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时,只能用that。 例如:This is the only problem that we can’t work out. (3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时,只能用that。 例如:This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. (4)先行词同时包括人和物时,只能用他和她, 例如:Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great. 6. 只能用which不能用that的情形 (1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时,只能用which 例如:The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing. (2)关系代词前面有介词时,只能用which 例如:The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down. (3)先行词本身就是that时 例如:I don’t like that which he did.
关系副词的用法 1. when的用法:它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。 例如:Do you remember the time when she went abroad? 2. where的用法:它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。 例如:I like places where the weather is always warm. 3. why的用法:它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。 例如:Tell me the reason why she was late.