句型转换:按括号内的要求改写下列句子。1. Those shirts are white.(改为单数形式) ____________________________________2. His pen is on the desk.(就划线部分提问) -七年级英语
[db:作者] 2020-02-28 00:00:00 零零社区
题文
句型转换: 按括号内的要求改写下列句子。
1. Those shirts are white.(改为单数形式) ____________________________________ 2. His pen is on the desk.(就划线部分提问) ____________________________________ 3. Those black pants are five dollars.(就划线部分提问) ____________________________________ 4. My mother likes French fries.(改为否定句) ____________________________________ 5. Mrs Smith needs a blue sweater. (改为一般疑问句) ____________________________________ 6. I want a yellow sweater.(对划线部分提问) 7. What is the price of your bag? (改为同义句) 8. My sister's skirt is yellow .(划线提问) 9. We sell shoes . The shoes are only ¥35 .( 将两句合并为一个句子) 10. What can I do for you ? ( 改为同义句)
题型:句型转换 难度:中档
答案
1. That shirt is white. 2. Where is his pen? 3. How much are those black pants? 4. My mother doesn't like French fries. 5. Does Mrs. Smith need a blue sweater? 6. What do you want ? 7. How much is your bag ? 8. What color is your sister's skirt ? 9. We sell shoes for only ¥35. 10. Can I help you ?
据专家权威分析,试题“句型转换:按括号内的要求改写下列句子。1. Those shirts are wh..”主要考查你对 介词,助动词,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,主谓一致 等考点的理解。关于这些考点的“档案”如下:
介词at, in, on的区别: 1. 表示时间,注意以下用法: (1) 表示时间的某一点、某一时刻或年龄等用 at。如: I get up at six in the morning. 我早上六点钟起床。 He got married at the age of 25. 他 25 岁结婚。 (2) 泛指一般意义的上午、下午或晚上以及月或年等较长的时间,一般用 in。如: We watch TV in the evening. 我们晚上看电视。 He went to Japan in 1946. 他于 1946 去了日本。 (3) 若表示星期几或某一特定的日期,则用 on。如: He left here on the fifth of May. 他于 5 月 5 日离开这儿。
2. 表示地点、场所、位置等,注意以下用法: (1) 表示某一点位置,用 at。如: We live at No 87 Beijing Road. 我们住在北京路 87 号。 The hospital is at the end of the street. 医院在这条街的尽头。 与名词所有格连用表示地点,也用 at。如: at my sister’s 在我姐姐家 at the doctor’s 在医务室 (2) 表示空间或范围,用 in。如: What’s in the box? 这盒子里有什么? He lives in Paris with his wife. 他同他妻子住在巴黎。 但有时两者可换用。如: The meeting was held at [in] the hotel. 会议在宾馆举行。 (3) at 与 in 的另一个区别是:at 用于指较小的地方,而 in 用于指较大的地方。如: in Shanghai 在上海 at the station 在车站 但是,大与小是相对的,有时随着说话者的着眼点不同,大地方也可能用 at(比如把一个大地方看作一个点时)。如: Our plane refuelled at London. 我们的飞机在伦敦加油。 We stopped for an hour at Moscow on our way to Paris. 我们在去巴黎的途中在莫斯科停了 1 个小时。 (4) 介词 on 用于地点,主要指在某物的表面。如: What’s on the table? 桌上有什么? There’s a wallet lying on the ground. 地上有个钱包。 注:在少数搭配中,也用介词 on。如: He works on a farm. 他在农场工作。
3. 在某些搭配中,三者的区别与英国英语和美国英语有关: in the street (英) / on the street (美) 在街上 in the road (英) / on the road (美) 在路上 in the team (英) / on the team (美) 在这个队 at the weekend (英) / on the weekend (美) 在周末 at weekends (英) / on weekends (美) 在周末 4. 有时三者的差别与搭配习惯和用法有关: in bed / on the bed 在床上 in the tree (多指树外之物) / on the tree (多指树本身之物) 在树上
介词besides,but,except的用法区别: 1. 三者都可表示“除外”,但 besides 表示一种累加关系,意指“除了什么之外,还有……”; 而 except 或 but 则表示一种排除关系,意指“除了什么之外,不再有……”。如: Besides his wife,his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外,他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。 Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外,没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。 注:在否定句中,besides 也表示“除……之外不再有…… ”,与but, except 同义。如: No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外,没一个人通过考试。
2. 关于 but 与 except: (1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”,但含义上略有差别: but侧重指意义的几乎完整性,而 except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。比较: All are here but one. 除一个人都到了。 All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。 (2) 在现代英语中,but 的介词用法十分有限,一般说来,它只能用在下列词语之后: ① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等 ② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等 ③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等 ④ all, none 等 ⑤ who, what, where 等 Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。 I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外,我没告诉任何人。 No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。 一般说来,若没有出现上述词汇,就不宜使用介词 but,否则可能造成错句。但是 except 却没有以上限制。比较: 正:The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外,这扇窗户从不打开。 误:The window is never opened but in summer. (3) but 一定不能用于句首,except 通常不用于句首: 除我之外每个人都累了。 正:Everyone is tired but (except) me. 正:Everyone but (except) me is tired. 误:But (Except) me, everyone is tired. 注:except for 可用于句首,表示 except 的意思: 正:Except for me, everyone is tired.
3. 关于 except 与 except for: except 主要用来谈论同类的东西,而 except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西,有时含有惋惜之意。如: All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外,其他的作文都写得很好。 His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错,只是有几处拼写错误。 注:若用于句首,则 except for 与 except 同义(但 except 通常不用于句首)。
4. 关于 except for 与 but for: except for 主要表示排除,but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。如: Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外,大家都通过了考试。 But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助,她就不会通过考试。 But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气,植物就会死亡。 5. besides 除用作介词外,还用作副词,其意为“此外”、“而且”,可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如: I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去,而且我也太累了。 This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的,此外他还有两部。
常见助动词用法: have的用法: have作助动词 形式: 主要变化形式:have,has,had 动名词/现在分词:having 1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例: He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月末为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。 2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时(现在完成时),例: I have been studying English for ten years.我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。 3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成时态的被动语态,例: English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。
do的用法: 形式 主要变化形式:do,did,done 动名词/现在分词:doing 1) 构成一般疑问句,例如: Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗? Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗? 2)do + not 构成否定句,例如: I do not want to be criticized.我不想挨批评。 He doesn't like to study.他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。 3) 构成否定祈使句,例如: Don't go there. 不要去那里。 Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。 说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,。 4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如: Do come to my birthday party please.请一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you. 我确实想你。我真想你了! 5)用于倒装句,例如: Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。 说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。 6)用作代替动词,例如: Do you like Beijing? 你喜欢北京吗? Yes,I do.是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?他知道如何开车,对吧?
shall和will的用法: 1)shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如: I shall study harder at English.我将更加努力地学习英语。 He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。 说明: 在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。 现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较: He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。) He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。) 2)shall在疑问句中,用于第一,第三人称,征求对方意愿 shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗?( 我把灯打开好吗?) shall he come to see you? 他要不要来看你 (比较: will he come to see you? 他会不会来看你) 3)shall 用在陈述句,与第二第三人称连用,变为情态动词,表示允诺,命令,警告,和说话人的决心等。
should,would的用法: 1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。 比较: "What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成直接引语时,变成了should。) 2)would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如: He said he would come.他说他要来。 比较: "I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。" 变成间接引语,就成了: He said he would come. 原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。过去式从原来的go变为came。
基本助动词只有三个: be, do,have,他们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用,如协助构成进行体,完成体,被动态,否定句,疑问句等。 例如: He is giving a lecture. 他在作报告 He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划 The small animals are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用: a. 表示时态,例如: He is singing. 他在唱歌。 He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如: He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如: Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗? Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如: Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
考点名称:一般疑问句
一般疑问句: 是疑问句的一种。通常用yes,no来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。口语中若无特殊含义,句末用升调。 其结构是:系动词be/助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分? 通常回答为: 肯定:Yes+主语+提问的助动词 否定:No+主语+提问的助动词+not 例如: Are you from Japan? Yes, I am./No, I'm not. Do you live near your school? Yes, I do./No, I don't. Can you speak French? Yes, I can./No, I can't.
一般疑问句的特性: 1.将陈述句变为一般疑问句时,如句中有be 动词(am/ is/ are)时,可直接将它们提至主语前。 如主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。如: I'm in Class 2Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2Grade 1﹖ We're watching TV. →Are you watching TV﹖ 2.陈述句中有情态动词(can、may、must …)时,也可直接将它们提至主语前,即可成为一般疑问句。如: He can swim now. →Can he swim now﹖ The children may come with us. → May the children come with us﹖ 3.陈述句中只有一个实义动词作谓语且其时态为一般现在时,变为一般疑问句时要在句首加do或does主语后的实义动词用原形。如: I like these animals. →Do you like these animals﹖ She wants to go to the movies. → Does she want to go to the movies﹖ 4.一般疑问句一般读升调(↑) 5.一般疑问句有时不用yes或 no 回答。如: Are they in town now﹖ I think so. May I sit here﹖ Certainly. Does he like soccer﹖ Sorry I don't know. 6. 一般疑问句的第一单词总是虚词,读的时候要读轻声。
陈述句变为一般疑问句技巧: 根据一般疑问句不同的家族,可以用不同的方法将陈述句变为相应的一般疑问句。 1、第一家族:含be动词或情态动词的句子 秘诀:一调二改三问号 一调:即把句中的be或情态动词调到主语前; 二改:改换主语称谓,即将句中的主语I\my \mines\we\our\ours等。第一人称分别改为相应的第二人称you\your\ yours等; 三问号:句末的句号改为问号。如: Eg. I am an English teacher. → Are you an English teacher? Eg. We can speak English fluently. → Can you speak English fluently?
2、第二家族:含行为动词(或称为实义动词)的句子 秘诀:一加二改三问号 一加:即在句首加助动词Do或Does; 二改:1、把谓语动词改为原形;2、改换主语称谓(同第一家组); 三问号:句末的句号改为问号。 Eg. We read English every morning. → Do you read English every morning? Eg. Tom’s father listens to English on the radio every evening. →Does Tom’s father listen to English on the radio every evening? 特别注意:对于第二家族一定要注意动词的还原,因为时态与数的变化已经体现在助动词上了。
特殊疑问句: 以特殊疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。 常用的疑问词有:what、who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。 特殊疑问句的基本结构是“疑问词+一般疑问句”。 其回答应当是具体的。特殊疑问句句末一般用降调。 例如:How do I get there? Why not? What about the sports news?
疑问形容词: what(which,whose)+名词 例词: what time(什么时候) what colour(什么颜色)... ... how much(多少) how long(多长)...
特殊疑问句的特点: 一、 特殊的疑问词: 特殊疑问句要由疑问代词或疑问副词开头,询问的内容不同, 使用的疑问词也不同。 我们学过的疑问词有what(询问事物), how much(询问价格), what time (询问时间,尤其是点钟), what kind of(询问种类), why(询问原因),who(询问人), where(询问地点) 等等。如: —What is this? 这是什么? —It's a key. 这是一把钥匙。 —How much is it? 这个多少钱? —It's twenty dollars. 二十美元。 —What kind of movies do you like? 你喜欢哪一类型的电影? —I like action movies. 我喜欢动作片。
二、特殊的语序: 特殊疑问句由疑问词开头,其构成是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如: What time is it? 现在几点钟? Who is your teacher? 谁是你的老师? 特殊疑问句有两种语序: 1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序: Who is singing in the room﹖ whose bike is broken﹖ 2.如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(特殊疑问词+be/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语) What does she like? What class are you in﹖ Where are you from﹖ What time does he get up every morning﹖ How do you know﹖
三、特殊的答语: 特殊疑问句不能用yes, no来回答,而应根据它所询问的内容直接做出回答才行。如: — What time is it, please? 请问几点了? — It's 7:30. 七点半了。 — Where are they? 他们在哪儿? —They're in the playground. 他们在操场上。 —What's your favorite subject? 你最喜爱的科目是什么? —English. 英语。
四、 特殊的语调: 一般情况下,特殊疑问句要用降调(↘)来读。如: Who's ↘that? How old is↘Jack?
主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则,即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定:主语为复数,谓语动词用复数;主语为单数或者是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 (1)当主语是and,both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物,则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意:由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each,every,no修饰时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 (2)主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如: with,along with,together with,as well as,like,rather than,but,except,besides,including,in addition to, 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响,仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。 The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道,也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 (3)非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词 (动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时,谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意:当what引导主语从句或由 and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money.我们这里需要的是资金。 What we need here are workers.我们这里需要的是工人。 Lying and stealing are immoral.说谎与偷窃是不道德的。 (4)each和复合不定代词作主语 each和some/any/no//every十body/one/thing构成的复合不定代词: anyone、anybody、anything、everyone、everybody、everything、someone、somebody、something、no one、nobody、nothing、each、the other作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Each is worse than the one before. 一个比一个差。 Nobody knows the answer. 没有一个人知道这答案。 Someone wants to see you. 有人想见你。 Is there anything in the box?箱子里有什么东西吗? There is a lot of milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有很多奶。 (5)“many a +单数名词”作主语 “many a、(很多)/more than one(不只一个)+单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 Many a student has been to Beijing. 很多学生去过北京。 There is more than one answer to your question. 你的问题不只有一个答案。 (6)“one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the等限定词和修饰语 “one of+复数名词十定语从句”之前有the only,the very,the等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 Tom is the only one of those boys who is willing to help the old man. 汤姆是唯一的一个愿意帮助那个老人的男孩。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.他是这三年来唯一的一个获得奖学金的学生。 注意:如没有这些限定词和修饰语,定语从句的谓语动词采用复数形式。 Tom is one of the boys who are always ready to help others. 汤姆是个随时愿意帮助别人的男孩。 (7)由两个部分组成的物体名词作主语 英语中有些由两个部分组成的物体名称如g1asses(眼镜),scissors(剪刀),shorts(短裤),shoes(鞋子),trousers(裤子)等作主语,其后的谓语动词用复数形式。 His glasses were broken, so he can't see well. 他的眼镜碎了,因而看不清楚。 His trousers are made of cotton. 他的裤子是棉布的。 注意:若这类名词前带有pair等表示单位的名词时,则以这些名词的单、复数形式决定动词的形式。 Two pairs of trousers are missing. 两条裤子不见了。 This pair of shoes is not on sale. 这双鞋不出售。
2、意义上的一致 意义上的一致是指谓语动词与主语的一致取决于主语所表达的意义。若主语形式上为复数,而意义上是单数,动词要用单数; 若主语形式上为单数,而意义上为复数,则动词用复数。 The United States is in North America. 美国在北美洲。 The police are looking into the matter. 警察正在调查此事。 使意义上的一致的情况 (1)由and连接两个并列主语 其后的谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果两个单数名词指同一个人、同一事物、单一概念时,谓语动词要用单数,有时两个名词共用一个冠词。 The worker and writer has written a new novel. 这位工人兼作家写了一部新小说。(两个名词共用一个冠词) There is a journalist and writer living in America whose name is Alex Haley. 在美国有一个名叫亚利克斯?哈利的记者兼作家。 Truth and honesty is always the best policy. 真诚总是上策。 注意:用and连接起来的两个单数主语,谓语动词可以是单数,也可以是复数。 Three and five makes /make eight.三加五等于八。 Time and tide wait/waits for no man .岁月不等人。 (2)形复意单的名词作主语 ①复数形式的专有名词(表示国家、城市、机构、组织以及书籍、报纸、杂志等)做主语,通常作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数。 The United States is in North America.美国在北美洲。 The Arabian Nights is read all over the world.《天方夜谭》是流传世界各地的名著。 The New York Times has a wide circulation.《纽约时报》销路很广。 注意:表示山脉、群岛、瀑布等的专有名词和以复数形式出现的表示同姓的一家人或同名、同姓的若干人,谓语也用复数。 The Alps rise over 4 countries.阿尔卑斯山脉跨越了四国。 Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.尼亚加拉瀑布没有维多利亚瀑布高。 The Smiths were also invited.史密斯一家人也受到了邀请。 There are 3 Marys and 2 Roberts in my class.我班有三个叫玛丽、两个叫罗伯特的学生。 ②以-ics结尾表示学科的名词做主语,通常表示单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。这类名词有: physics, politics, mathematics, economics, athletics, electronics等。 Politics is now taught in all schools.现在各学校都开设政治课。 Economics is a science of the way in which industry and trade produce and use wealth.经济学是研究工业、贸易生财和用财之道。 注意:当这些动词表示有关方面的活动、情况、见解、原理等意思时,谓语动词需用复数形式。 What are his politics?他的政见如何? The economics of national growth are of the greatest importance to all modern governments.国家发展经济的原理对现代各国政府都重要。 ③news,maths,plastics,physics,works,means(方法),the United States等虽然以-s结尾,但意义上作为单数看待。 “News of victories keeps pouring in as our army advances,” the company commander said. 集团军司令说:” 随着我们军队的推进胜利的消息接踵而至。” Mathematics/Physics is a required subject for us. 数学/物理是我们必修的科目。 Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution,but the sky is still not clear. 所有可能的直至污染的方法都用了,但天空还是不晴朗的。 ④成对的名词做主语时用单数形式。 Bread and butter is a daily food in the West .面包抹黄油是西方人每天的食品。 His gratitude and devotion to the Party is endless.他无限感觉,无限忠于党。 ⑤“one and a half +复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用单数。 One and a half pears is left on the table .一只半梨剩在桌子上。 One and a half days is all I can spare.一天半是我所能挤出的全部时间。 注意:“one or two+复数名词”做主语,谓语动词用复数。 One or two days are enough to see the city.参观该市一两天就足够了。 There are one or two things I want to talk over with you .我有一两件事想跟你商量。 (3)有生命的集体名词作主语 有生命的集体名词 (如people,police,cattle,militia)作主语,谓语动词用复数形式。 Cattle are also kept. 还养了一些牛。 There are many people there. 那里有很多人。 The police are looking for the thief. 公安人员在搜寻那个小偷。 All the people of the world want peace.全世界人民都渴望和平。 注意:family,team,class,government,audience,crew,committee等集体名词,如果作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式; 如果作个别成员看待,谓语动词用复数形式。people作“民族”解时,作单数用。 Zhang’s family is rather big, with twelve people in all.张家很大,一共12口人。 The family are sitting at the breakfast table. 这家人正坐在早餐桌旁。 My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。 The class are doing experiment in the lab. 全班同学正在实验室里做实验。 The class has won the honour. 这个班获得了荣誉。 The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。 (4) 名词化的形容词作主语 名词化的形容词作主语,按照意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。 如果指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式,如果指一个人或抽象概念,谓语动词用单数形式。 这类形容词有:old, young, rich, poor, blind, deaf, dead, sick等。 The rich are not always happy. 富人也有不开心的时候。 The wounded is a policeman. 受伤者是一名警察。 The beautiful is not always the same as the good. 漂亮的不一定就等于好。 (5) 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量等的复数名词作主语 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、度量、容量、温度等的复数名词做主语,通常看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式。 Twenty years has passed since we left school. 我们离开学校已经20年了。 Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money. 一万美元是一大笔钱。 Two months is quite a long time. 两个月时间是很长的。 Two hours is enough for us to do this experiment.我们做这个实验两个小时就够了。 Thirty kilometres is a good distance.30公里是一个相当远的距离。 注意:如果说话人侧重一个个的个体,谓语动词用复数形式。 Twenty years have passed since we parted.自从我们分手以后20年己经过去了。 (6)“a number of十复数可数名词”与“the number of十复数可数名词”作主语 “a number of十复数可数名词”表示 “一些、许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数; “the number of十复数可数名词”表示 “……的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数。 The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 邀请来的人数是50,但很多人因不同的原因没来。 A number of books are missing from the library. 图书馆丢了许多书。 The number of workers in this factory is increasing. 这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。 (7)none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词作主语 none of和neither of后跟复数名词或复数代词时,有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待,主要根据说话人的意思决定。 None of them has arrived yet at the settlement. 他们没有一个到达新住宅区。 None of them have arrived yet. 他们都还没到。 (8)“分数/百分数+of短语”作主语 “分数/百分数+of短语”作主语,这时要以of短语中的名词是否为复数而定。 Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with trees and grass.该地区五分之二的土地为树木和草所覆盖。 89% of smokers are male. 89%的吸烟者是男性。 In the USA, 75% of the grain is used to feed animals. 在美国,75%的谷物用来喂养动物。 Two-thirds of the earth's surface is sea. 地球表面的2/3是海洋。 Two-thirds of the people were against the plan. 2/3的人都反对核计划。 (9)表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语 表示部分概念或不定数量的名词或代词作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数,应根据后接名词的单、复数形式而定。 这些名间或代词有all,any,enough,half,more,most,the rest,part,some等。 The rest of the buildings are easy to get to. 其余的建筑物并不难上。 The rest of his life was happy. 他的晚年生活很幸福。 Most of my time was spent in reading. 我大部分时间用来读书。 Most of the people are aware of it. 大部分人都知道它。 Some of the sugar was spilled on the floor. 一些糖散落在地上。 Some of the apples were spilled on the floor. 一些苹果散落在地上。 (10)两个主语,一个肯定,一个否定,谓语动词与肯定主语相一致。 The parents, and not the son, were missing.失踪者不是儿子,而是他的双亲。
3、邻近原则 邻近原则是指谓语动词要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持人称与数的一致。 Neither he nor I am a student. 他和我都不是学生。 There is a pen , two chairs and a desk. 有一支钢笔,两把椅子和一张桌子。 这主要有以下几种情况。 (1)由or,either…or等连接的并列结构作主语 由or、either…or、nor、neither…nor、not only…but also、not…but连接的并列主语,通常按照就近一致原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式依照靠近它的主语而定。 Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.要么你要么校长在会议上对这些天才的学生颁奖。 Neither he nor I have finished the experiment. 他和我都没有做完试验。 Either his friends or his brother is wrong. 不是他的朋友们错了,就是他哥哥错了。 Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.不仅我而且简和玛丽都讨厌一个接一个的考试。 Not only the teacher but also his students have studied the question. 不仅老师而且他的学生们都研究了这个问题。 (2)在主谓倒装句时 在主谓倒装句中,主语并列,谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语相一致。由here或there引导的句子,若有并列主语,谓语也与最靠近的那个主语一致。 There is a desk, a table and three chairs in the room. 房间里有一张书桌、一张饭桌和3把椅子。 There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room. 房间里有3把椅子、一张书桌和一台电脑。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?你不在时妻子和孩子呆在哪儿?
"表里不一"现象: 主谓一致中的"表里不一"现象 和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用单数动词,复数主语用复数动词.但在实际使用当中情况比较复杂,现在学生常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下 1,"more than one +名词"作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: More than one teacher gets the flowers. 不止一个教师得到了花. 2,"many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数.例如: Many a student has been sent to plant trees. 很多学生被派去植树. 3,"half of,the rest of,most of,all of及百分数或分数+of 等后接名词"作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定.例如: Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖. 4,all指人时,动词用复数;all指物时,动词用单数.例如: "All are present and all is going well." 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利 5,what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数.例如: What they want to get are a number of good books.他们想得到的是大量的好书. 6,and连接的两个单数名词前若用each,every,no修饰,该名词短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔. 7,当主语后面有as well as,with,along with,together with,but,like,rather than,except,逗号加and连接几个名字等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.例如: My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京. 8,each作主语的同位语时,谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关.例如: They each have a bike. 他们每人有一辆自行车. 9,动词不定式,动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数.例如: Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯. 10,the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致.例如: The following are good examples下面是一些好例子. 11,以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s结尾的名词news,works,plastics等同属此类.例如: Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课. 当以-ics结尾的学科名词表示"学科"以外的意义时,用作复数,如:mathematics(运算能力)politics(政治观点)economics(经济意义)等 12,有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的名词复数(trousers,glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主语时,前面若有"一条","一副","一把"之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数.例如: The shoes are all right. 这些鞋子都很合适. 还有一些以-s结尾的名词通常用复数:arms(武器).clothes.contents.minites(记录).remains(遗体).thanks等 13,"one and a half +名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数.例如: One and a half apples are left on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果. 14,"One or two more +复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词用复数.例如: One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙. 15,"one of+复数名词+ 定语从句"结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在"the only one of +复数名词+定语从句"的结构中,"the one of + 复数名词+定语从句"定语从句的谓语动词要用单数.例如: He is one of the students who get there on time.他是准时到达那里的学生之一. 16,表示时间,距离,金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数.例如: One million dollars is a lot of money. 一百万美元是一大笔钱.
以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致: 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es,但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。 它们用法多样,造成了实际使用上的困难,以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。 (一)以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (二)以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (三)以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (四)以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 (五)其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 集合名词的主谓一致原则: 集合名词作主语时,主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题.对此类问题我们可以从"数"的角度分为四类. 1)单数—复数型.凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如: a class—classes; a family—families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew—crews等。 这类集合名词强调的是整体性,即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时,谓语动词用单数; 复数形式作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 【例如】 A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning. 每个上午 一大群人经常聚集在广场上 The government has decided to pass the bill. 政府已决定通过这一法案 There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday. 星期天有大群大群的人在街上。 There are many English-speaking peoples in the world. 在世界上有许多讲英语的人 但应注意,这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念,所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为"单复同形型"中. 2)单数型.这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体,即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内,所以只有单数形式.如作主语,谓语动词常用单数。 这类名词常见的有:humanity,mankind,proletariat等. 【例如】The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress. 3)复数型.这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的,就是说它们只有单数形式,但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性.这类名词有:police,cattle,faculty,flock,machinery,vermin,personnel等.它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数. 【例如】The police have caught the murder. Our personnel are very highly trained. The vermin are very dangerous. 4)单复同形型.这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数.作主语时,用单数动词或复数动词均可,有时意义区别不大. 【例如】The school teaching staff are (is) excellent. The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park. The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid. 这类集合名词常见的有:class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience等. 根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体,就认为是单数,用单数动词; 若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话,就认为其为复数,用复数动词。 试比较:The football team is playing well. 那个足球队打得非常漂亮. The football team are shavings bath and are then coming back here for tea. 足球队员们正在洗澡,然后来这里吃茶点。 The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。 That family are very pleased about the news of William's success. 全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。