介词分类: 一、表示地点位置的介词 (1)at, in, on, to, for at 表示在小地方;表示“在……附近,旁边”。 in 表示在大地方;表示“在……范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻,接壤,“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到……”。 (2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对; over 指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。 on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。 例:The bird is flying above my head. 小鸟在我的头上飞。 There is a bridge over the river. 在河上有一座桥。 He put his watch on the desk.他把他的表放在了桌子上。 (3)below, under在……下面 under 表示在……正下方 below 表示在……下,不一定在正下方 例:There is a cat under the table. 桌子底下有一只猫。 Please write your name below the line. 请在横线下写上你的名字。 (4)beside,behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面
二、表示时间的介词 (1)in,on,at在……时 A、in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如:inthe1950s, in1989, insummer, inJanuary, inthemorning等。 B、on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如:on May 1st, on Monday, onNew Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 C、at 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 如:at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of, at the age of, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。 (2)after在……之后 “after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后; “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
三、其它常用介词 (1)about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. I have bought a book about Shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 There are about fifteen trees in the picture. 大约有十五棵树在图片里。 (2)across横过,对面,交叉,在……的对面 Can you swim across the river? 你能游过河吗? We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 (3)along沿着,顺着. They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 (4)by 被……,在……的近旁,在……之前,不迟于,以……为手段。 The class room was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。 Miss Lucy came to China by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。 (5)for为……,因为……,至于……。 He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。 She came back to the classroom for she had lef the books in the class room. 她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。 (6)from从……,来自……,因为…… Where are you from? 你是哪里人? He diedf rom an accident. 他死于一场事故。 (7)of……的,属于…… This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。 (8)with使用、和……在一起 We write with a pen. 我们用笔写字。 Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗? 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day.
小学常见介词: 1.on (1) 在------上面 The book is on the desk. (2) 在------(哪一天/星期)What do you do on Wednesday? (3) 在------(月、日)My birthday is on August 2nd. 2. in (1)在------里面 The pens are in the pencil-box. (2)在------(哪一年/月)His birthday is in October. He worked here in 1992. (3 ) 在------(地方) He works in Dongguan. (4 ) 在------之内 What are you going to do in 20 years? (5 ) 在------(早上、下午、晚上) I do morning exercises in the morning every day. I usually play basketball in the afternoon. I often do my homework in the evening. 3. under 在------底下 There is a ball under the bed. 4. near 在------附近 There is a book shop near our school. 5. in front of 在------前面 A boy is standing in front of the house. 6. beside 在------旁边 A football is beside the door. 7. next to 紧挨着 There is a bus station next to No. 13 Middle School. 8. over 在------正上方 A bridge is over the river. 9. on the left 在------左边 The bookstore is on the left. 10. on the right 在------右边 The hospital is on the right. 11. before 在……之前 Mike sits before me. 12. after 在------以后 He went home after school. 13. in the middle 在------中间 The road is in the middle. 14. at (1) 在------(小地方) I am at school today. I was at home yesterday. (2) 在------(点钟) I usually go to school at 8:00 am. (3)看一看 Look at the blackboard. (4) 在中午 at noon 15. behind 在------后面 There is a broom behind the door. 16.for (1)给 This present is for you. (2)为了 Thank you for telling me the way to the zoo. (3)作为 We have some chips and hamburgers for lunch. 17.to (1) 到 Take your sport shoes to the P.E class. (2) 致 Happy birthday to you. Give it to your friend. 18. from 来自 I am from China. = I come from China. 19. from --- to 从------到------ Line up from shorter to taller. We have class from Monday to Friday. 20. of ------的 He is a student of Kama School. 21. by (1)在------之前 We must be at home by 6 o’clock. (2)乘------交通工具 People can go to the moon by spaceship. I go to school by bus. 22.with (1) 用 I write a letter with a pen. (2) 和------一起 He went to Shenzhen with his parents. 23. between 在------与------之间 There is a football match between Class One and Class Three. 24. into 到------里 Sharks can dive into the deep cold water. 25. like (1)象------ The twins are like their father. (2)长相------怎样? What’s he like? 26. up 向上 Put up your hands if you have any questions. 27. down 向下 Put down all the books here. 28. about (1) 大约;关于 It’s about 6:00 now. (2) ------怎么样? What about---? How about---? 29. what for 为什么 But what for?
当我们需要对事物作出比较时,需要用到比较级。 比较级的句子结构通常是: 什么 + 动词be (am , is , are ) + 形容词比较级 + than(比)+ 什么 ,意为:“比……更……”。 如: I’m taller and heavier than you. (我比你更高和更重。) An elephant is bigger than a tiger. (一只大象比一只老虎更大。)
形容词的比较级变化规则: 形容词的比较级是在形容词的基础上变化而来的,规则形容词的比较级变化规则是: ① 一般的直接在词尾加er ,如 tall - taller , strong - stronger , ② 以e结尾的,直接加r ,如 fine – finer , ③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的,先改y为i再加er,如funny - funnier ④ 双写最后的字母再加er,如big – bigger, thin – thinner , hot – hotter 下表举例列举一些形容词的原级和比较级。
英语形容词的排列顺序: 一、英文形容词的排序:OPSHACOM OP---opinion评述性词。如beautiful,wonderful,expensive,terrible, horrible,lovely,silly,ugly等。 SH---size &shape表大些 形状的词。如 long,short,round,square等。 A---age表新旧的词。如new,old等。 C---colour表颜色的词。如red,black,purple,brown,yellow等。 O---origin表产地的词。如Italian,Spanish,Canadian,Australian,Japanese M---material表材料的词。如leather,glass,rubber,metal,silk,plastic等。 按此顺序,"一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克"的英语为"a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket。"
二、口诀法:“美小圆旧黄,中国木书房” 注:“美”代表“描述或性质类”形容词; “小”代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类” 形容词; “圆”代表“形状类” 形容词; “旧”代表“新旧、年龄类” 形容词; “黄”代表“颜色类” 形容词; “中国”代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类” 形容词; “木”代表“物质、材料、质地类” 形容词; “书”代表“用途、类别、功能、作用类” 形容词; “房”代表“中心名词”。 例如:two beautiful new green silk evening dress 两件又新又漂亮的丝绸女士晚礼服; that hungry, tired, sleepy little match girl 那个饥饿、疲劳、困倦的卖火柴的小女孩; an old large brick dining hall 一个旧的红砖砌的大餐厅。
四、熟记规则:大小形状和新老,颜色国籍出(处)材料 多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的,其顺序为: ①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+ ②序数词+基数词 ③一般性描绘形容词 ④大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧 ⑥颜色 ⑦国籍、出处 ⑧材料 ⑨用途、类别 ⑩最终修饰的名词或动名词。 例如:a beautiful little red flower 一朵美丽的小花。 those four old-looking,grey,wooden houses 所以这个翻译题,我有一个中国制造木制红色的大的园桌子。 可以翻译成 i have a big,round ,red,wooden,chinese table 巧记形容词的排列顺序:“县官行令谢国材”。 “县”(限)代表限定词,包括:冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格、数词等。? “官”(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等。? “行”(形)代表表示大小、长短、高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little,round等。? “令”(龄)代表表示年龄、新、旧的形容词,如:old,young等。? “谢”(“色”的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow等。? “国” 代表表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词(名词),如:English,American,mountain等。? “材” 则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。? 多个形容词同时修饰同一个名词时,就按上述顺序排列,然后加上中心名词。例如: a fine old stone bridge一座古老漂亮的石头桥? two big round new Chinese wooden tables两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌?
比较and和or ①并列结构中,or通常用于否定句,and用于肯定句。 ②但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点: There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用and。
比较so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。 such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组; so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词; so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. [不可数] such +n. [不可数] so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/ few flowers such nice flowers so much/little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。 so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。
小学阶段常见的连词: (1)and(和)表示并列和对称 例:I like basketball and football. 我喜欢篮球和足球。 She likes singing and dancing. 她喜欢唱歌和跳舞。 (2)or(或者,还是)表示选择。(常出现在选择疑问句中) 例:Is it big or small? (3)if(如果……)表示条件。 例:We will go to the zoo if it does not rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去动物园。 (4)because(因为……)表示原因。 例:John doesn’t come to school today because he is ill. 约翰今天没来上学,因为他病了。 Li Lei was late for class because he got up late. 李雷上课迟到了,因为他起床迟了。 (5)but(但是)表示转折。 例:The skirt is nice, but it’s too expensive. 这条裙子很漂亮,但是太贵了。 (6)for(因为)表示原因。 例:He must be at home now, for it’s raining. 他现在一定在家,因为正在下雨。 (7)so(因此、所以)表示原因。 例:He got up late, so he missed the train. 他起床晚了,因此错过了火车。