实义动词: 与系动词是相对的,系动词亦称连系动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。 实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词; 不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词)即行为动词,表示动作的动词。 实义动词(又称行为动词):表示行为或状态,有完全的词义,能独立作谓语。 如:I go to school by bus. 我乘公交车去上学。 The students clean their classroom every day. 学生每天打扫教室。
及物动词: 后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。 英语中的及物动词有:interest,worry,guss,please,surprise,love等 例如:I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。 “How long can I keep the book ”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?” Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。 Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。 不及物动词: 本身意义完整,后面不用跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。 Birds fly.鸟会飞。 It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。
兼作及物动词和不及物动词: 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。 这样的动词又有两种不同的情况: a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较: Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词) When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词) They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词) b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如: Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?
与汉语的比较: 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法完全不一样,请注意下列两种情况: a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如: We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可以省去) b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为…服务。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务
特殊实义动词: 英语动词很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如 close, begin, study, leave, work等。 ①The post office closes at 9:00 p. m.邮局晚上9点关门。 ②Close the window,please.请关窗。 ③Shall we begin now?我们现在开始吗? ④ Bill began working as a sailor after he left school.比尔毕业后当水手。 ⑤They left yesterday.他们昨天离开的。 ⑥When did you leave Washington?你什么时候离开华盛顿的? ⑦The students study hard.这些学生学习努力。 ⑧The students study English and German.这些学生学习英语和德语。 ⑨He works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。 ⑩He works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作这台机器。
介词分类: 一、表示地点位置的介词 (1)at, in, on, to, for at 表示在小地方;表示“在……附近,旁边”。 in 表示在大地方;表示“在……范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻,接壤,“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤;或“到……”。 (2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对; over 指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。 on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。 例:The bird is flying above my head. 小鸟在我的头上飞。 There is a bridge over the river. 在河上有一座桥。 He put his watch on the desk.他把他的表放在了桌子上。 (3)below, under在……下面 under 表示在……正下方 below 表示在……下,不一定在正下方 例:There is a cat under the table. 桌子底下有一只猫。 Please write your name below the line. 请在横线下写上你的名字。 (4)beside,behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面
二、表示时间的介词 (1)in,on,at在……时 A、in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。 如:inthe1950s, in1989, insummer, inJanuary, inthemorning等。 B、on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如:on May 1st, on Monday, onNew Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 C、at 表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。 如:at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of, at the age of, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。 (2)after在……之后 “after+一段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后; “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
三、其它常用介词 (1)about关于,附近,大约,周围,随身. I have bought a book about Shakespearean. 我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。 There are about fifteen trees in the picture. 大约有十五棵树在图片里。 (2)across横过,对面,交叉,在……的对面 Can you swim across the river? 你能游过河吗? We live across the street. 我们住在街的对面。 (3)along沿着,顺着. They are walking along the river. 他们沿着河行走。 (4)by 被……,在……的近旁,在……之前,不迟于,以……为手段。 The class room was cleaned by the students. 教室由学生们打扫干净了。 Miss Lucy came to China by air. 露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。 (5)for为……,因为……,至于……。 He works for this company. 他为这家公司工作。 She came back to the classroom for she had lef the books in the class room. 她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。 (6)from从……,来自……,因为…… Where are you from? 你是哪里人? He diedf rom an accident. 他死于一场事故。 (7)of……的,属于…… This is a map of China.这是一张中国地图。 (8)with使用、和……在一起 We write with a pen. 我们用笔写字。 Can you go to the park with me? 你能和我一起去公园吗? 注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day.
小学常见介词: 1.on (1) 在------上面 The book is on the desk. (2) 在------(哪一天/星期)What do you do on Wednesday? (3) 在------(月、日)My birthday is on August 2nd. 2. in (1)在------里面 The pens are in the pencil-box. (2)在------(哪一年/月)His birthday is in October. He worked here in 1992. (3 ) 在------(地方) He works in Dongguan. (4 ) 在------之内 What are you going to do in 20 years? (5 ) 在------(早上、下午、晚上) I do morning exercises in the morning every day. I usually play basketball in the afternoon. I often do my homework in the evening. 3. under 在------底下 There is a ball under the bed. 4. near 在------附近 There is a book shop near our school. 5. in front of 在------前面 A boy is standing in front of the house. 6. beside 在------旁边 A football is beside the door. 7. next to 紧挨着 There is a bus station next to No. 13 Middle School. 8. over 在------正上方 A bridge is over the river. 9. on the left 在------左边 The bookstore is on the left. 10. on the right 在------右边 The hospital is on the right. 11. before 在……之前 Mike sits before me. 12. after 在------以后 He went home after school. 13. in the middle 在------中间 The road is in the middle. 14. at (1) 在------(小地方) I am at school today. I was at home yesterday. (2) 在------(点钟) I usually go to school at 8:00 am. (3)看一看 Look at the blackboard. (4) 在中午 at noon 15. behind 在------后面 There is a broom behind the door. 16.for (1)给 This present is for you. (2)为了 Thank you for telling me the way to the zoo. (3)作为 We have some chips and hamburgers for lunch. 17.to (1) 到 Take your sport shoes to the P.E class. (2) 致 Happy birthday to you. Give it to your friend. 18. from 来自 I am from China. = I come from China. 19. from --- to 从------到------ Line up from shorter to taller. We have class from Monday to Friday. 20. of ------的 He is a student of Kama School. 21. by (1)在------之前 We must be at home by 6 o’clock. (2)乘------交通工具 People can go to the moon by spaceship. I go to school by bus. 22.with (1) 用 I write a letter with a pen. (2) 和------一起 He went to Shenzhen with his parents. 23. between 在------与------之间 There is a football match between Class One and Class Three. 24. into 到------里 Sharks can dive into the deep cold water. 25. like (1)象------ The twins are like their father. (2)长相------怎样? What’s he like? 26. up 向上 Put up your hands if you have any questions. 27. down 向下 Put down all the books here. 28. about (1) 大约;关于 It’s about 6:00 now. (2) ------怎么样? What about---? How about---? 29. what for 为什么 But what for?
系动词: 亦称连系动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 be(是)是最基本的系动词。小学涉及到的系动词需要掌握的am, is, are 如:I am from Beijing. 我来自北京。 My mother is a teacher. 我的妈妈是一位老师。 除了系动词be,常用的系动词还有look(看起来)、sound(听起来)、feel(感觉到)、become(变成)、smell(闻起来)等。 例:The boy looks very happy. 这个男孩看起来很高兴。 The dish smells good. 这盘菜闻起来很香。
be动词的用法: 现在时 I am, you are, he is, we are, you are, they are (缩略式 I'm, you're, he's, we're, you're, they're), (否定缩略式 I'm not, isn't, aren't), 过去时 I was, you were, he was, we were, you were, they were (过去时否定缩略式 wasn't, weren't), 过去分词been,现在分词being 英语的“be”是个特殊动词;有些语言,如马来文等,并没有“be”这样的动词。 “Be”除了原形的“be”之外,还有另外七种形式: am, is, are, been, being, was, were. 在句子中,“be”可以是主动词(The Principal Verb)或助动词(The Auxiliary Verb)
系动词Be(am, is, are )的用法: 一、口诀: 我用am,你用are,is连着他,她,它; 单数名词用is,复数名词全用are; 变疑问,往前提,句末问号某丢弃; 变否定,更容易,be后莫忘记; 疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。
二、Be动词在一般过去时中的变化: 1、am和is在一般过去时中变为was; 2、are在一般过去时中变为were 3、带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和am is are一样,即否定句在was或were后加 not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。