Without ______ a word, he went out of the room ______ the light on. [ ]A. say, for B. saying, but C. to say, put D. saying, with -九年级英语

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beforeafter表一点,agolater表一段。

before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。

since以来during间,since时态多变换。

与之相比beside,除了lastbutone

复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。

快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南。

butfor否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。

ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。

之后、关于、在。。。。。。方面,有关介词须记全。

into外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。

考点名称:独立主格

  • 独立主格结构
    是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
    这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。

  • 独立主格的形式:
    一、一般独立主格形式
    与主句逻辑关系松散
    形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
    ①名词/主格代词+现在分词
    名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
    如:
    The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
    姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。
    Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
    如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
    ②名词/主格代词+过去分词
    名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
    如:
    The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
    随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。
    Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
    由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
    ③名词/主格代词+不定式
    名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
    如:
    He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
    借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
    They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
    他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。
    ④名词/主格代词+形容词
    如:
    An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
    那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
    So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
    这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
    ⑤名词/主格代词+副词
    如:
    He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
    The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
    ⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语
    如:
    The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
    Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。
    ⑦名词/主格代词+名词
    His first shot failure,he fired again.
    他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。
    Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
    两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

    二、- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密
    形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语
    with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。
    上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。
    The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
    小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式)
    Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
    她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式)
    The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
    有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。(with+名词/代词+动词不定式)
    The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
    父亲在前,小孩在后走着。(with+名词/代词+副词)
    He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
    他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。(with+名词/代词+介词短语)
    With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
    由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。(with+名词/代词+形容词)
    在with (without) 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。

    三、- each引导的强调型独立主格:
    形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式
    这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词
    如:
    Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive

    四、其他形式 :
    There being +名词(代词)
    如:
    There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
    There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
    It being +名词(代词)
    如:
    It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
    It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。

  • 独立主格运用注意:
    1.独立主格转换成状语从句,当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:
    After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
    下课后,学生很快离开了课室。
    2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。
    (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:
    Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.
    因为是星期天,我们去做了礼拜。
    (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:
    There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.
    因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。
    3. 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:
    Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
    史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。
    比较with的复合结构。如:
    Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.
    4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式.
    The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
    主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)

  • 独立主格结构的用法:
    独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
    1.用作时间状语
    The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.
    工作完成后,我们就回家了。
    2.用作条件状语
    Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
    如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
    3.用作原因状语
    An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
    因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
    4.用作伴随状语
    He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).
    他躺在草地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。
    5.表示补充说明
    We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.
    我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
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