动名词的用法：
一、动名词作主语 
1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如： 　　
     Swimming is a good sport in summer. 　　
2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 　　
动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry. 　　
常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 　　
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 　　
3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如： 　　
There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 　　 
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： 　　
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟） 　　
No parking. （禁止停车） 　　
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 　　
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构
(这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。
动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： 　　 
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 　　

二、动名词作宾语
1.作动词的宾语 　　
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid,  consider, enjoy, finish     
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走，说个不停。 
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。 　　
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic  regulations. 　　
每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 　　 
2.作介词的宾语 　　
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 　　
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？ 　　
3.作形容词的宾语 　　
The music is well worth listening to more than once.  这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 　　
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。

三、动名词作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
表语、动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 　　
Your task is cleaning the windows.   你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.) 　　
What I hate most is being laughed at.  我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)

四、动名词作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如： 　　
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking 　　
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing 　　 
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading 　　
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring 　　
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

考点名称：被动语态

• 语态：
  是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
  语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
  如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
  如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。

• 被动语态的构成:
  被动语态的基本结构：
  主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
  ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
  如：Trees are planted every year.
  ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
  如：The road is being repaired. 
  ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
  如：The work has been finished.
  ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
  如：The story was told by him.
  Many birds were killed last year.
  ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
  如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
  ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
  如： He told me that the work had been finished.
  ⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
  如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
  ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
  如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
  ⑨情态动词的被动语态
  情态动词+ be +过去分词    
  如：The problem must be solved soon.
  Children should be taught to love animals.

• 被动语态使用注意:
  1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
  What will happen in 100 years.
  The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
  2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
  This pen writes well.
  This new book sells well.
  3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
  例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
  see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
  A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
  The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
  4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
  He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
  He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
  My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.