例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语＋have / has been＋since短语
例如：He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：去了没回
has been to ：去过
has been in：呆了很久

考点名称：疑问代词

• 疑问代词：
  疑问代词在句中起名词的作用，用来构成疑问句。常用的疑问代词有：　　 
  what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever 　　
  疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前，没有词性和数的变化，除who之外也没有格的变化。 
  what, which, whose还可作限定词。
  Whose books are these on the desk?
  桌上的书是谁的？
  What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
  美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的？
  What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
  哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国？
  疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个：
  指　人： who, whom, whose
  指　物： what
  既可指人又可指物： which

• 疑问代词说明：
  一、无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如：
  Which girls do you like best?
  你喜欢哪几个姑娘？
  What girls do you like best?
  你喜欢什么样的姑娘？

  二、Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如：
  Who(m) did you meet on the street?
  你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）
  Who(m) are you taking the book to?
  你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
  To whom did you speak on the campus?
  你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）

  三、疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时，过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首，现代英语中，疑问代词在句首，介词在句未，例如：
  For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么？（旧文体）
  What are you looking for?你在找什么？（现代英语）

  四、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句，例如：
  I can't make out what he is driving at.
  我不知道他用意何在。
  Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
  你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？
  Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
  你说的我大部分同意，但并不完全赞同。

• 疑问代词用法：
  1. 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which和what, 都是用来构成疑问句的：
  Who is calling? 谁打电话来？
  Whom do you want to speak to? 你想找谁接电话？
  作主语时用who，作宾语时用whom，在口语中用who作宾语时也不少：
  Who did you mean? 你指的是谁？
  Who are you talking about? 你们在讲谁？
  直接跟在介词后时只能用whom：
  With whom did you come? 你和谁一道来的？
  (口语中说“Who did you come with?时更多一些。)
  
  2. 其他三个疑问代词可用作：
  1)主语：
  What’s your address? 你的地址怎样写？
  Whose is better? 谁的好一些？
  Which of these is yours? 哪一本是你的？
  2)宾语：
  What do you mean? 你是什么意思？
  Which do you like better? 哪一个你更喜欢一些？
  Whose have you chosen? 你选了谁的？
  3)表语：
  What’s her name? 她叫什么名字？
  Whose is it? 这是谁的？
  4)定语(这样用时有些字典标作形容词)：
  What time does the train leave? 这列火车什么时候离开？
  Which room shall we stay in? 我们住哪间房？
  Whose passport is this? 这是谁的护照？

考点名称：被动语态

• 语态：
  是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
  语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
  如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
  如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。

• 被动语态的构成:
  被动语态的基本结构：
  主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
  ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
  如：Trees are planted every year.
  ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
  如：The road is being repaired. 
  ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
  如：The work has been finished.
  ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
  如：The story was told by him.
  Many birds were killed last year.
  ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
  如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
  ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
  如： He told me that the work had been finished.
  ⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
  如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
  ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
  如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
  ⑨情态动词的被动语态
  情态动词+ be +过去分词    
  如：The problem must be solved soon.
  Children should be taught to love animals.

• 被动语态使用注意:
  1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
  What will happen in 100 years.
  The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
  2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
  This pen writes well.
  This new book sells well.
  3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
  例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
  see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
  A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
  The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
  4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
  He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
  He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
  My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
  5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
  We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
  He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
  The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
  构成be+done.

• 主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
  ①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
  ②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
  ③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
  ④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。