或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：去了没回
has been to ：去过
has been in：呆了很久

考点名称：不定代词

• 不定代词：
  即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
  初中常用不定代词有：
  some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone）， no（nothing，nobody，no one），
  every（everything，everybody，everyone，），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），
  another，none，one，either， neither等。一般来讲，修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。

• 不定代词用法例举：
  ①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词：some, someone, somebody, something
  例如：They can speak some Japanese.
  ②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词：any, anyone, anybody, anything
  例如：Is there anyone at home?
  ③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词：no, no one, nobody, nothing
  例如：I have no watch.
  There is nothing wrong with the machine.
  ④不定代词one指代可数名词，既可指人，亦可指物，它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
  名词，指代复数名词时可以用ones。
  例如：I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
  I like small cars better than large ones.
  ⑤none通常只用作名词，在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何（人或物）”，既可指人，亦可指物。
  none后常跟of短语，其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
  例如：None of them knows the answer to the question.
  ⑥both, all
  both指两个人、物或群体；
  all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
  例如：My parents are both teachers.
             All of my friends are football fans.
  ⑦every, each
  each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个别；
  every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
  例如：Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
              Every student went to the park.（学生至少三人）        
  ⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
  other具有名词和形容词性质，既可指人，亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
  不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词，表示“其他的，别的”，不可单独使用。
  例如：Do you have any other questions?
  the other作形容词或代词，特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
  例如：The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
   others相当于“other+名词”，泛指“别的人或物”，只有名词性用法。
  例如：Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
  the others相当于“the other+名词”，表示“剩下的，其余的”，特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
  例如：There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
  another作形容词或代词，泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
  例如：This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
  ⑨either, neither
  either指“两者中的任何一个”；neither指“两者中无一”，具有否定意义。
  例如：You can take either half.
  Neither of the books is good.
  ⑩many, much, most
  many和much具有名词和形容词的性质，都表示“许多、大量”。
  Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词，many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
  例如：Many boys like playing soccer.
  We have much homework to do every day.
  Most students think so.
  (11)few, a few, little, a little
  a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
  A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词，a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
  Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”，具有否定意义。
  例如：He has a few friends here.
  Hurry up! There is little time left.

• 不定代词的用法：
  不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
  位置
  不定代词+形容词
  不定代词+to do
  作主语
  Both of them are teachers．他们两人都是教师。
  作宾语
  I know nothing about this person．我对这个人一无所知。
  作表语
  This book is too much for a child．这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
  作定语
  There is a little water in the glass．玻璃杯里有一些水。
  作状语
  I can't find my book anywhere．我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。
  修饰不定代词的词，一般情况下要后置。

考点名称：被动语态

• 语态：
  是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
  语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
  如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
  如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。

• 被动语态的构成:
  被动语态的基本结构：
  主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
  ① 一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
  如：Trees are planted every year.
  ② 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being +过去分词
  如：The road is being repaired. 
  ③ 现在完成时 have/has + been +过去分词
  如：The work has been finished.
  ④ 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词
  如：The story was told by him.
  Many birds were killed last year.
  ⑤过去进行时 was/were+ being + 过去分词
  如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
  ⑥过去完成时 had +been+ 过去分词
  如： He told me that the work had been finished.
  ⑦一般将来时  will +be + 过去分词
  如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
  ⑧ 过去将来时 would/should +be +过去分词
  如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
  ⑨情态动词的被动语态
  情态动词+ be +过去分词    
  如：The problem must be solved soon.
  Children should be taught to love animals.

• 被动语态使用注意:
  1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
  What will happen in 100 years.
  The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
  2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
  This pen writes well.
  This new book sells well.
  3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
  例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
  see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
  A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
  The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
  4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
  He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
  He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
  My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
  5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
  We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
  He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
  The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
  构成be+done.

• 主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
  ①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
  ②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
  ③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
  ④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。