考点名称：动词短语

• 动词短语：
  由动词和短语组成，或以动词为中心，功能同动词的短语叫动词短语，动词短语是动词的一种固定搭配形式。

• 动词短语的搭配类型：
  动词+副词
  1）作及物动词，例：
  He brought up his children strictly．
  从以上的例句中可以看出，在“动词+副词”的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：
  宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间。而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间。
  2）作不及物动词，例：
  Something unexpected has turned up．
  出现了令人意外的情况。（turn up=appear）
  3）既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，例：
  The barrel of gunpowder blew up．（不及物）火药桶爆炸了。
  The soldiers blew up the bridge．（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了。
  动词短语的及物性与不及物性主要取决于动词短语的意思。

  动词+介词
  动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是在介词后面，例：
  I don’t much care for television．我不很喜欢电视。（care for=like）
  动词+副词+介词
  在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词。
  它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后，例：
  We must work hard to make up for lost time．我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间。（make up for=compensate）

  动词+名词
  这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义，例：
  Let’s have another try．让我们再试一下。（have a try=v．try）

  动词+名词+介词
  这类动词短语只用作及物动词。名词前可加形容词说明程度，宾语总是位于介词之后，例：
  Keep an eye on the baby while I am out．我不在家时请照看一下小孩子。

  be+形容词+介词
  be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义，例：
  I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him．我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。

• 小学阶段出现的一些动词短语： 
  do homework 做作业   
  watch T.V. 看电视   
  read books 读书   
  cook the meals 做饭
  water the flowers 浇花   
  sweep the floor 扫地   
  clean the bedroom 打扫卧室   
  make a bed 铺床   
  set the table 摆饭桌   
  wash the clothes 洗衣服  
  wash the dishes 洗碗碟  
  use a computer 使用计算机   
  do morning exercises 晨练；做广播体操    
  eat breakfast 吃早饭   
  eat dinner 吃晚饭   
  go to school 上学   
  have an English class 上英语课  
  play sports 进行体育运动   
  get up 起床   
  climb mountain 爬山   
  go shopping 买东西   
  play the piano 弹钢琴   
  visit grandparents 看望外祖父母   
  go hiking 去远足   
  fly kites 放风筝   
  make a snowman 堆雪人   
  plant trees 种树    
  draw pictures 画画   
  cook dinner 做饭   
  read a book 看书   
  answer the phone 接电话   
  listen to music 听音乐   
  clean the room 打扫房间   
  write a letter 写信   
  write an e-mail 写电子邮件   
  drink water 喝水   
  take pictures 照相   
  watch insects 观察昆虫   
  pick up leaves 采摘树叶    
  do an experiment 做实验   
  catch butterflies  捕捉蝴蝶   
  count insects 数昆虫   
  collect insects 收集昆虫   
  collect leaves 收集树叶   
  write a report 写报告   
  play chess 下棋  
  have a picnic 举行野餐   
  get to 到达   
  ride a bike 骑自行车   
  play the violin 拉小提琴  
  make kites 制作风筝   
  collect stamps 收集邮票   
  wake up 醒来   
  put on 穿上   
  take off 脱掉   
  hang up     挂起   
  go home  回家   
  go to bed 上床睡觉  
  play computer games   玩电脑游戏   
  do housework 做家务   
  empty the trash 倒垃圾  
  put away the clothes 收拾衣服  
  get off下车  
  take a trip 去旅行 
  read a magazine 阅读杂志  
  go to the cinema 去看电影   
  eat good food 吃好东西

考点名称：否定句

• 否定句：
  表示否定的句子。必须有否定词。
  否定句的构成形式：
  a. 谓语为be动词时，“be+not "一名学生。
  b. 谓语为实义动词而且没有情态动词和助动词时，“do/ does/ did+not"构成否定。 
  例：I do not like dancing. 我不喜欢跳舞。 
        He does not want to go to school. 他不想去上学。
  c. 谓语为“情态动词+实义动词”时，“情态动词+not”构成否定。 
  例：You must not smoke. 你千万不要吸烟。 
         I can not catch it. 我抓不住它。

• 否定句在英语语法中可以分为九类：
  （1）一般否定句
  I don't know this. No news is good news.
  There is no person（smoking）/not a person/not any person（smoking）in the house.
  （2）特指否定
  He went to his office, not to see him.
  I am sorry for not coming on time.
  I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
  （3）部分否定
  All the answers are not right
  All is not gold that glitters
  I don't know all of them.
  I can't see everybody/everything.
  Both of them are not right.
  （4）全体否定
  None of my friends smoke.
  I can see nothing/nobody.
  Neither of them is right.
  Nothing can be so simple as this.
  （5）延续否定
  You didn't see him, neither/nor did I.
  You don't know, I don't know either.
  He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of（更不用说）French.
  （6）半否定句
  We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
  I know little English. I saw few people.
  （7）双重否定
  You can't make something out of nothing.
  What's done cannot be undone.
  There is no sweet without sweat.
  No gain without pains.
  I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
  No man is so old but（that）he can learn.
  （8）排除否定
  Everyone is ready except you.
  He did nothing but play.
  But for your help, I couldn't do it.
  （9）加强否定
  I won't do it at all.
  I can't see it any more.
  He is no longer a boy.

• 否定转移的形式与用法：
  一、动词的否定转移
  1.形式上否定主句的谓语，实际上是否定从句的谓语
  当动词“think”、“believe”、“suppose”、“imagine”、“expect”、“feel”的主语是第一人称，谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时，它们的否定式实际上是对宾语从句的否定。
  表示说话者提出一种委婉的看法或主张。如：
  I think that he will help us.——I don’t think that he will help us. 我认为它不会帮助我们。
  I believe that he is right.——I don’t believe that he is right. 我认为他不对。
  I suppose that he likes it.——I don’t suppose that he likes it. 我想他不喜欢它。