8.3 Letter of Credit 229
8.3.1 Definition of L/C 229
8.3.2 Parties to a Letter of Credit 230
8.3.3 Procedure of Credit L/C 232
8.3.4 Characteristics of a Letter of
Credit 240
8.3.5 The Use of a Letter of Credit 241
8.3.6 Contents of a Letter of Credit 241
8.3.7 The Varieties of Documentary
Credit 242
8.3.8 Other Special Credits 246
8.3.9 Combined Use of Different
Methods of Payment 250
【Key Terms and Words】 252
【Exercises】 253
Chapter 9 Inspection, Claims, Force
Majeure and Arbitration 264
9.1 Inspection 266
9.1.1 The Implication of
Commodity Inspection 267
9.1.2 The Importance of
Commodity Inspection 267
9.1.3 Import and Export
Commodity Inspection 268
9.1.4 Time and Place of Inspection 268
9.1.5 Inspection Standard 270
9.1.6 Inspection Certificate 271
9.1.7 Inspection Clause 272
9.1.8 Inspection Procedures 272
9.2 Claim 273
9.2.1 Breach of Contract 275
9.2.2 Liabilities of Breach of
Contract 275
9.2.3 Valid Term for Claim 276
9.3 Force Majeure 277
9.3.1 Definition of Force Majeure 277
9.3.2 Features of Force Majeure 277
9.3.3 Consequences of Force
Majeure 278
9.3.4 Force Majeure Clause 278
9.4 Arbitration 280
9.4.1 The Definition of Arbitration 280
9.4.2 Characteristics of Arbitration 281
9.4.3 Arbitration Clauses 281
【Key Terms and Words】 284
【Exercise】 284
Chapter 10 Business Negotiation and
Establishment of
Contract 287
10.1 The General Process of Business
Negotiation 289
10.2 Enquiry 291
10.2.1 Types of Enquiry 291
10.2.2 Guidelines for Writing Enquiries
and Replies 292
10.3 Offer 293
10.3.1 The Meaning of an Offer 293
10.3.2 Types of an Offer 293
10.3.3 Four Necessary Conditions of
a Firm Offer 295
10.3.4 Time of Validity or Duration of an Offer 297
10.3.5 Withdrawal or Revocation of
an Offer 298
10.3.6 Termination of an Offer 299
10.4 Counter-offer 299
10.5 Acceptance 300
10.5.1 The Meaning of Acceptance 301
10.5.2 Effective Time of
Acceptance 301
10.5.3 Late Acceptance 301
10.5.4 Withdrawal of Acceptance 302
10.6 Conclusion of Contract 303
10.6.1 Necessary Conditions of
an Effective Contract 303
10.6.2 Forms of a Written Contract 303
10.6.3 Structure of a Written
Contract 304
【Words and phrases】 310
【Exercises】 310
Chapter 11 Exporting and Importing
Procedures 314
11.1 Exporting Procedures 316
11.1.1 Preparation Stage of Export
Contract 317
11.1.2 Negotiation stage of export
contract 319
11.1.3 Performance stage of export
contract 321
11.2 Importing procedures 345
11.2.1 Preparation stage of import
contract 346
11.2.2 Negotiation stage of import
contract 348
11.2.3 Performance stage of import
contract 349
【Key Terms and Words】 355
【Exercises】 356

Chapter 12 Modes of International
Trade 358
12.1 Agency and Distribution 360
12.1.1 Agency 360
12.1.2 Distribution 361
12.2 Consignment 362
12.2.1 Definition 362
12.2.2 Features 362
12.2.3 The Advantages and Disadvantages
of Consignment 363
12.3 Tenders and Auction 364
12.3.1 Tenders 364
12.3.2 Auction 365
12.4 Counter Trade 366
12.4.1 Main Reasons Why Counter Trade
Is Employed 367
12.4.2 Specific Forms of Counter
Trade 367
12.5 Futures Trading 370
12.5.1 Introduction to Futures
Trading 370
12.5.2 Main Types of Futures
Traders 371
12.5.3 Danger of Futures Trading 372
12.6 E-commerce 373
12.6.1 Definition of E-commerce 373
12.6.2 Types of E-commerce 374
12.6.3 Benefits of E-commerce 376
12.6.4 Limitations of E-commerce 377
12.6.5 Tips for Running a Successful
E-commerce Business 378
12.6.6 The Future of E-commerce 379
12.7 Cross-border E-commerce 379
【Key Terms and Words】 382
【Exercises】 382
References 383

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