and the wave-particle duality 140
7.5 mandel's theory of photoelectric detection of light fluctuations 143
7.5.1 mandel's formula for photocount statistics 143
7.5.2 the variance of counts from a single photodetector 145
7.5.3 correlation between count fluctuations from two detectors 147
7.6 determination of statistical properties of light from photocount
measurements 149
problems 151
8. elementary theory of polarization of stochastic electromagnetic beams 154
8.1 the 2 _ 2 equal-time correlation matrix of a quasi-monochromatic
electromagnetic beam 154
8.2 polarized, unpolarized and partially polarized light. the degree
of polarization 158
8.2.1 completely polarized light 158
8.2.2 natural (unpolarized) light 160
8.2.3 partially polarized light and the degree of polarization 161
8.2.4 the geometrical significance of complete polarization. the stokes
parameters of completely polarized light. the poincaré sphere 165
problems 171
9. unified theory of polarization and coherence 174
9.1 the 2 _ 2 cross-spectral density matrix of a stochastic
electromagnetic beam 174
9.2 the spectral interference law, the spectral degree of coherence
and the spectral degree of polarization of stochastic
electromagnetic beams 175
9.3 determination of the cross-spectral density matrix from experiments 179
9.4 changes in random electromagnetic beams on propagation 181
9.4.1 propagation of the cross-spectral density matrix of a stochastic
electromagnetic beam - general formulas 181
9.4.2 propagation of the cross-spectral density matrix of an
electromagnetic gaussian schell-model beam 183
9.4.3 examples of correlation-induced changes in stochastic
electromagnetic beams on propagation 186
9.4.4 coherence-induced changes of the degree of polarization
in young's interference experiment 191
9.5 generalized stokes parameters 194
problems 197
appendices 202
i cells of phase space and the degeneracy parameter 202
(a) cells of phase space of a quasi-monochromatic light wave (section 1.4) 202
(b) cells of phase space of radiation in a cavity (sections 7.4 and 7.5) 204
(c) the degeneracy parameter 206
ii derivation of mandel's formula for photocount statistics
[eq. (2) of section 7.5.1] 208
iii the degree of polarization of an electromagnetic gaussian
schell-model source 210
iv some important probability distributions 212
(a) the binomial (or bernoulli) distribution and some of its limiting cases 212
(b) the bose-einstein distribution 214
author index 216
subject index 220

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