2.2 machine preparation methods 039
2.3 chemical prepare 040
part ⅲ obturation of oval root canals 040
3.1 cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha 041
3.2 warm gutta-percha fillings 041
3.3 conclusion 042
references 042
chapter ⅵ radiographic aids in root canal treatment 044
part ⅰ intraoral periapical radiography 044
1.1 principles of periapical radiography 044
1.2 limitations of the periapical radiography 044
1.3 interpretation of radiograph 045
part ⅱ computed tomography (ct) 045
2.1 the traditional ct 045
2.2 cone-beam ct 045
2.3 application of cone beam ct in endodentics 046
references 047
chapter ⅶ frontiers in periodontal microbiology 050
part ⅰ current concept and progress for subgingival biofilm re-search 050
1.1 formation and construction of subgingival bio.lm 050
1.2 bacterial community of subgingival bio.lm 052
1.3 multiple interspecies interactions and special bacterial behavior in subgingival bio.lm 054
part ⅱ current concept in pathogenicity of periodontal patho-gens 058
2.1 current concept of periodontal pathogens 058
2.2 progress of periodontal primary pathogenic bacteria research 058
2.3 progress of periodontal virus research 062
part ⅲ overview of microbial etiology in periodontal disease 064
references 065
chapter ⅷ research progress of aetiology from systemic disor-ders 066
part ⅰ stress and psychological factors 066
1.1 what is stress? 066
1.2 stress in.uence life-style 067
1.3 interaction between stress and periodontal disease 068
part ⅱ rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease 068
2.1 ra may be a causal factor for periodontitis 069
2.2 periodontitis may be a causal factor for ra 070
2.3 genetic factors in ra and periodon

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