Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water
Renal Sodium Regulation
Renal Water Regulation
A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating
Thirst and Salt Appetite
Potassium Regulation
SECTION C Calcium Regulation
Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis
SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation
Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss
Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body
Integration of Homeostatic Controls
Renal Mechanisms
Summary
Review Questions
Thought Questions
CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY
SECTION A Sensory Functions of Nervous System
General Principles
SECTION B Specific Sensory System
Vision
Hearing
Vestibular System
Somatic Sensation
Chemical Senses
Summary
Review Questions
Thought Questions
CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM
SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons
Structure and Maintenance of Neurons
Functional Classes of Neurons
SECTION B Synapses
Functional Anatomy of Synapses
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) and Excitation Transmission
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Synaptic Integration
Synaptic Strength
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
SECTION C Control of Body Movement
Motor Control Hierarchy
Local Control of Motor Neurons
The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control
Muscle Tone
Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance
SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System
SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System
States of Consciousness
Learning and Memory
Cerebral Dominance and Language
Motivation and Emotion
Conclusion
Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Summary
Review Questions
Thought Questions
CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY
SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Control Systems
General Introduction
Principles of Hormonal Control Systems
SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Produced by the Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Controlled by the Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibitory Hormones
Disorders of the Hypothalamus
Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone
SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone
Synthesis and Secretion of The Thyroid Hormone
Carriage of Thyroid Hormones
Functions of Thyroid Hormones
Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Summary
Review questions
Thought questions
CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION
SECTION A General Terminology and
Concepts; Sex Determination and Differentiation
General Principles of Gametogenesis
Sex Determination
Sex Differentiation
SECTION B Male Reproductive Physiology
Anatomy
Spermatogeuesis
Transport of Sperm
Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
Puberty
SECTION C Female Reproductive Physiology
Anatomy
Ovarian Functions
Control of Ovarian Function
Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle
Androgens in Women
Puberty
Pregnancy
Menopause
Precocious Puberty
Summary
Review Questions
Thought Questions
Appendix 1 English and Metric Units
Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabulary
Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text

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