系统)》等等都或多或少对礼貌研究做出了一定贡献。*后，还有一些有关礼
貌方面的宣传小册子或基本读物，如1982年由北京市语言学会编的《(礼貌语
言手册)》，1982年严戎庚等编著的《(漫谈语言美)》，1982年张应德和秦旭卿的
《(语言美杂谈]》，1985年陈章太和于根元的《(语言美和精神文明建设)》，1993年
平章起的《(礼貌、礼节、礼仪)》，1998年中石的《(面子学)》，2000年上海市精
神文明办编的《文明礼貌100题)》。
  3．礼貌语用研究述评
  我们重点考察Leech，Brown&Levinson礼貌观。Leech礼貌原则的影响
是比较大的，仅次于Brown&Levinson的面子观。他主要从人际修辞角度探
讨礼貌，由于他的礼貌原则在于弥补Grice提出的交际基本原则——合作原则
，不可避免地存在先天不足。因为礼貌不像信息原则那样，往往带有文化色彩，
因而具有相对性。再有Leech的理论似乎绝对了，遭到了不少批评，如刘润清
(1987)、徐盛桓(1992)。Brown&Levinson的面子观可以说是目前影响*大、
争论又*多的礼貌观。它主要有三个核心概念：“面子”、“面子威胁行为”和
“礼貌策略”。首先，人们对它的普遍性表示质疑，这就导致它的进一步修正、
调整，1987年的修订版证明了这一点。但即便如此，还是有学者在不断批评，
如Gu(1990)，o'Driscoll(1996)，Scollon和Scollon(2000)。Gu认为B＆L面
子观不适合中国人，中国人的礼貌不是描述性的，而是规定性的，是一种道
Introduction
     This chapter first provides examples of requests in English and Chinese to make
us get some intuitive knowledge about this kind of speech acts and then reviews the
very popular approach in our speech act survey --- the discourse completion test
(DCT), which has ever been employed in the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization
Project (CCSARP) by Blum-Kulka, et a1.(1989). To be more specific, this section
will dwell on the following issues: the subject, the procedure, the questionnaire of
requests and the data design as well.
Examples of Requests in English and
Chinese in the Actual Discourse
     Let us first have a perceptional conception of requests in English and Chinese
by examining some examples in actual discourse. For instance (Yule, 1996:57):
     (155)Him: Oh, Mary, I'm glad you're here.
           Her: What's up?
           Him: I can't get my computer to work.
           Her: Is it broken?
           Him: I don't think so.
           Her: What's it doing?
            Him.: I don't know. I'm useless with computers.
           Her: What kind is it?
            Him: It's a Mac. Do you use them?
            Her: Yeah.
            Him: Do you have a minute?
            Her: Sure.
            Him: Oh, great.
     From the pre-sequences of the request, we can see that the requesting action by
"Him" is finally voiced out after six rounds of gradual exchanges. To begin with,
"Him" expresses his psychological state by greeting "Oh, Mary, I'm glad you're
here."; secondly, "Him" acknowledges that he is incompetent in computer, saying
"I can' t get my computer to work'(reason of requests); thirdly, once more "Him"
admits that he is unable to do anything with the computer, saying "Idon't know. I'm
useless with computers" (emphasizing reason of requests to show his sincerity);
fourthly, "Him" implies his request intention, by inquiring "It's a Mac. Do you use
them?" (inquiring about preparatory condition); fifthly, again he implies the intention
of request by inquiring the time of the addressee "Do you have a minute ?" (again
concerning preparatory condition); and finally, given the guarantee of ability and time
of the addressee, "Him" feels that his intended request can be successfully achieved,
so he exalts, unconsciously shouting "Oh, great." Although the word "request" has
not appeared in "Him's" whole speech sequence, no one can deny "Him's" intention
of request between the lines. Why does "Him" utilize this indirect strategy? We think
that the main reason probably is that "Him" is worried about "Her's" refusal to his

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