attempt  courage  decision  effort  fortune  failure  invitation  wish
6、不定式作状语
例如：I went to France to learn French.

考点名称：分词

• 分词：
  就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词；尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点，
  如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾语的性能。
  分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，是一种非谓语动词形式。
  现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：
  现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。
  分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。

• 现在分词构成形式：
  ①一般在动词原形末尾加ing，如do→doing、sing→singing、comfort→comforting
  ②以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词，先去e，再加ing，如dance→dancing、hike→hiking、write→writing、make→ making,take→taking
  ③以ee、oe、ye结尾的动词加ing，如see→seeing、toe→toeing、dye→dyeing
  ④以重读闭音节结尾的动词，并且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这一字母，再加ing，如cut→cutting、swim→swimming
  注：结尾是x则不必双写，如relax→relaxing
  ⑤以ie结尾的动词，要把ie变成y再加ing，如die→dying，lie→lying.
  ⑥以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ing，如picnic→picnicking，traffic→trafficking

  过去分词构成形式：
  1．规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
  (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）
  work---worked---worked ,  visit---visited---visited
  (2)、以不发音的“ e ” 结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
  live---lived---lived
  (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
  study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,try---tried---tried,fry---fried---fried.[1]
  (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
  stop---stopped---stopped  ,  drop---dropped--dropped
  (5)、以ic结尾的动词，要把ic变成ick再加ed，
  picnic→picnicked  ，traffic→trafficked
  2 、不规则动词：见不规则动词表

• 分词用法：
  1、分词作状语 　　
  分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。 　　
  分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
  当现在分词表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。
  完成或被动关系用过去分词。 　　
  ①现在分词：
  The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. 　　
  ②过去分词：
  Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. 
  Given   better attention, the plants could grow better. 　　
  
  2、“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构 　　
  现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。 　　
  ①现在分词：
  When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
  While waiting for  the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work…… 　　
  ②过去分词：
  Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it  well. 　　
  Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand. 　　
  
  3、分词作定语 　　
  分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。
  现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 　　 
  We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. 　　 
  This is really an exhausting day to all of us! 　　
  We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 　　
  After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. 　　
  More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with  developed countries 　　
  
  4、分词作宾语补足语 　　
  现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及
  have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。
  例：I see him passing my house every day.
  I caught him stealing things in that shop.
  I smelt something burning.
  
  5、分词作表语
  分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。
  过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；
  ①过去分词：
  We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
  She felt confused, and even frightened.
  ②现在分词：
  He was very amusing.
  That book was rather boring.
  很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：
  exciting, interesting, encouraging, disappointing, confusing, touching, puzzling.

考点名称：过去进行时

• 过去进行时：
  表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was/were+V-ing。
  常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如：
  last night，last Saturday等；
  或者与when,while,as引导的过去时间状语连用。

• 过去进行时的结构：
  1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 现在分词”构成
  eg: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。
  2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成
  eg: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike. 昨天这个时候，杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车。
  3. 过去进行时的疑问式由“was/were +主语+ 现在分词”组成
  eg: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 你们在干什么昨天下午的时间啊  回答我啊?

• 过去进行时和一般过去时的区别：
  一、二者概念理解
  一般过去时叙述旧事，过去进行时描述背景。
  A、一般过去时
  1.过去状态、动作或事件
  He went to Beijing the other day.（带具体时间）
  2.过去的习惯
  a would ,used to与过去时
  would 表间断性不规则的习惯，常带频率时间
  used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯
  They used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.
  He smoked a lot two years ago. （过去行为）
  bWould 用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯。
  Used to 表今昔对比的含义，叙述习惯动作可与would 换用。
  When he was a boy , he would often go there . （叙述过去）
  She isn't what she used to be. (今昔对比)
  c 表示状态时一般只用used to
  Tom used to be fat /There used to stand a tree there. (状态)
  dwas (were) used to +ving表示“合适于，适应于…..”
  He used to work at night . (“习惯”表经常)
  He was used to working at night. (习惯表适应)
  3.过去的经历，平行动作，依此事件用一般过去时。
  He sat there and listened to the radio.(依此发生)
  4.客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和want , wonder , hope 等
  How did you like the film? / Could you help me?

  B. 过去进行时
  1.在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生
  What were you doing at 8:30 last night? (过去某时刻正在发生)
  2.性动词用过去进行时表示按计划、打算
  During that time he was going with us.(表示打算)
  3.lways ,often ,usually 等连用表喜爱，讨厌等感情色彩。
  He was always Changing his mind.

  二、区别
  A. 进行时表某一行为的“片断”一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
  I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)
  I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)
  B、一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
  It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ,rained 为持续动词，故也可使用)
  He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)
  C、while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
  例：He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.